1. MARKET FOR FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Lecturer: Jack Wu

2. FACTOR OF PRODUCTION Factors of production Inputs used to produce goods and services Labor, land, and capital Factor markets The demand for a factor of production is a derived demand From firm’s decision to supply a good in another market

3. DEMAND FOR LABOR Labor market Governed by supply and demand Labor demand Derived demand Labor services = inputs into the production of other goods

4. T HE VERSATILITY OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND 4 Wage of apple pickers Price of apples Quantity of apples 0 (a) The market for apples Quantity of apple pickers 0 (b) The market for apple pickers Supply Demand Q P Supply Demand L W

5. DEMAND FOR LABOR Assumptions Firm is competitive in both markets For goods and for labor Price taker Pay the market wage Get the market price for goods Decide Quantity of goods to sell Quantity of labor to hire Firm is profit-maximizing

6. DEMAND FOR LABOR  Production function  Relationship between the quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good  Marginal product of labor (MPL)  Increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor  Diminishing marginal product  The marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases

7. VALUE OF THE MARGINAL PRODUCT OF LABOR (VMPL) Marginal product of labor times the price of the output Marginal revenue product Additional revenue from hiring one additional unit of labor Diminishes as the number of workers rises

8. H OW A COMPETITIVE FIRM DECIDES HOW MUCH LABOR TO HIRE 8 Labor L Output Q Marginal product of labor MPL= Δ Q/ Δ L Value of the marginal product of labor VMPL=P ˣ MPL Wage W Marginal profit Δ Profit=VMPL-W 0 workers 1 2 3 4 5 0 bushels 100 180 240 280 300 100 bushels 80 60 40 20 $1,000 800 600 400 200 $500 500 $500 300 100 -100 -300

9. P ROFIT M AXIMIZING Q UANTITY OF L ABOR 9 Value of the marginal product Quantity of apple pickers 0 Profit-maximizing quantity Market wage Value of marginal product (demand curve for labor)

10. WHAT IS LABOR DEMAND CURVE? Competitive, profit-maximizing firm Hires workers up to the point where Value of the marginal product of labor = wage The value-of-marginal-product curve is the labor- demand curve For a competitive, profit-maximizing firm Labor-demand curve Reflects the value of marginal product of labor

11. SHIFTING LABOR DEMAND CURVE  What causes the labor-demand curve to shift?  The output price  Demand for labor: VMPL = MPL ˣ P of output  Technological change  Technological advance  Can raise MPL: increase demand for labor  Labor-saving technology  Can reduce MPL: decrease demand for labor  Supply of other factors  Affect marginal product of other factor

12. LABOR SUPPLY  The trade-off between work and leisure  Labor-supply curve  Reflects how workers’ decisions about the labor- leisure trade-off  Respond to a change in opportunity cost of leisure  What causes the labor-supply curve to shift?  Changes in tastes  Changes in alternative opportunities  Immigration

13. EQUILIBRIUM Wages in competitive labor markets Adjusts to balance the supply & demand for labor Equals the value of the marginal product of labor Changes in supply or demand for labor Change the equilibrium wage Change the value of the marginal product by the same amount

14. E QUILIBRIUM IN A LABOR MARKET 14 Wage (price of labor) Quantity of labor 0 Equilibrium employment, L Equilibrium wage, W Demand Supply

15. CHANGE IN EQUILIBRIUM Increase in supply Decrease in wage Lower marginal product of labor Lower value of marginal product of labor Higher employment

16. A N INCREASE IN LABOR SUPPLY 16 Wage (price of labor) Quantity of labor 0 L1L1 W1W1 Demand Supply, S 1 S2S2 W2W2 L2L2 1. An increase in labor supply... 2.... reduces the wage... 3.... and raises employment.

17. CHANGE IN EQUILIBRIUM Increase in demand Higher wage No change in marginal product of labor Higher value of marginal product of labor Higher employment

18. A N INCREASE IN LABOR DEMAND 18 Wage (price of labor) Quantity of labor 0 L1L1 W1W1 Demand, D 1 Supply D2D2 W2W2 L2L2 1. An increase in labor demand... 2.... increases the wage... 3.... and increases employment.

19. OTHER FACTORS OF PRODUCTION  Capital  Equipment and structures used to produce goods and services  Equilibrium in the markets for land & capital  Purchase price  Price a person pays to own that factor of production indefinitely  Rental price  Price a person pays to use that factor for a limited period of time

20. RENTAL PRICE Wage – rental price of labor Rental price of land & Rental price of capital Determined by supply and demand Demand – derived demand Reflects marginal productivity of the factor Each factor’s rental price = value of marginal product for the factor

21. T HE MARKETS FOR LAND AND CAPITAL 21 Rental price of capital Rental price of land Quantity of land 0 (a) The market for land Quantity of capital 0 (b) The market for capital Supply Demand Q P Supply Demand Q P

22. PURCHASE PRICE Equilibrium purchase price Of a piece of land or capital depends on Current value of the marginal product Value of the marginal product expected to prevail in the future

23. LINKAGES AMONG THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Price paid to any factor of production = Value of the marginal product of that factor Marginal product of any factor - depends on Quantity of that factor that is available Diminishing marginal product Factor in abundant supply Low marginal product; Low price

24. LINKAGES AMONG THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION Diminishing marginal product Factor in scarce supply High marginal product; High price Change in supply of a factor Change in equilibrium factor price Change in earnings of the other factors