1. Should Fraternities be banned on your college campus? By: Ann Marie Cook

2. History of the Fraternity Fraternities have been an influential part of our country’s collegiate system for over two centuries now. They were established here in the United States in 1775 at the College of William and Mary. In the original fraternity, men would come together once a week, much against the administration’s liking, and talk about important issues of the time including taxation and civil liberty. Rather than their original purpose of debates or philanthropy work, fraternities over the years they have become known for their partying, drinking, and womanizing.

3. Steps of Brotherhood Fraternity men go through two distinct periods when joining a fraternity Rushing, or recruitment, is when student attend events, parties, or interviews hosted by the fraternity so that the brother may gage who would be a good fit for the chapter. When rush is over, students may or may not receive a bid from this fraternity. Once accepting the bid the student enters a term of pledging. Pledging, can last anywhere between a few weeks to several months. During this period pledges are often treated poorly and expected to do anything and everything asked of them by their fraternity brothers. When pledging is over they are initiated and considered an official brother of the fraternity.

4. Hazing Hazing is subjecting newcomers to abusive or humiliating tricks and ridicule; to harass with unnecessary or disagreeable force. During the pledging process, men are often forced to go against their morals, heavily drink, perform humiliating tasks take drugs, and pay large amounts of money at the brother’s benefit. Hazing pushes young men to their and emotional and physical breaking points, and is meant to see how hard a students will go in prove themselves worthy of the fraternity. Hazing can lead to long term mental health issues, alcohol and drug addictions, and in some of the most severe cases even death.

5. Death from Hazing Nolan Burch was taking part in an initiation ritual the night he died. He was blindfolded and taken to an unknown location where he consumed copious amounts of alcohol. From that location he was taken back to the fraternity house because of his “very high level of intoxication,” and was laid on a table. It was not until his face turned blue that his brother called 911. Nolan Burch was an eighteen year old who had not even been through his first semester at West Virginia University when his life ended because of hazing. In 2013 members of the Pi Delta Psi fraternity at Baruch College conducted a hazing ritual called the “glass ceiling.” (Assefa, 1). Michael Dung, a freshman pledge of the fraternity, was blindfolded outdoors and instructed to find the brother that was calling his name, while other brothers shoved and beat against him. It was then Deng fell to the ground and was unconscious and unresponsive. He later died as a result of these injuries.

6. http://nealo.com/2007/05/11/rejected-cartoon-worth-sharing/

7. News Clips https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA6Wdj6E- WU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VA6Wdj6E- WU http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2015/08/13/tucke r-hipps-clemson-frat-pledge-death-vigil.wspa

8. Racism In the south, where fraternities are most commonplace, regular practices of racial prejudices and exclusions take place to this day A member of Kappa Sigma, sent a racially degrading email to other brothers at the University of Maryland this year. Some of the email read, “Don't invite any n****r gals or curry monsters or slanted eye chinks, unless they're hot” Sigma Alpha Epsilon was stripped of its charter at the University of Oklahoma when a video went viral of fraternity members chanting racist slurs. The chant was filmed while members of the fraternity were on a bus on their way to a date party for the fraternities founder’s day. The chant went, “there will never be a n***** SAE / You can hang them from a tree / But they’ll never sign with me.”

9. http://www.cagle.com/tag/sae-fraternity/

10. http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2015/03/11/nr-intv-bts-ross-lohse-sae-fraternity- discrimination.cnn https://www.politicalcartoons.com/cartoon/2d7d5d64-2cb2-4633-ab68-4dc3ef6d99b7.html

11. Sexual Assaults Alcohol related sexual assaults are becoming almost commonplace on college campuses in modern day. According to National Institute of Justice & Centers for Disease Control & Prevention 1 out of every 6 American women has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape in her lifetime Women 18-24 who are enrolled in college are 3 times more likely than women in general to suffer from sexual violence. 1 in 3 sexual assaults, the perpetrators are intoxicated — 30% with alcohol, 4% with drugs Men in fraternities are three times more likely to commit sexual assaults than other students on college campuses

12. Sexual Assaults http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2011/12/20/drew -fraternity-rape-survey.hln http://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2011/12/20/drew -fraternity-rape-survey.hln http://www.cbsnews.com/news/duke-university- suspends-alpha-delta-phi-fraternity-amid-rape- investigation/ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/duke-university- suspends-alpha-delta-phi-fraternity-amid-rape- investigation/

13. Cognition The brothers push their bodies to the breaking point during pledge and then as a brother when they are getting little sleep, often times drinking excessively, and abusing drugs. These can lead to long term cognitive issues and depression. there is a correlation between men and the depression and negative behavior if they were affiliated with a fraternity. By exploring the effects of mental health and Greek life Pike finds that being in a fraternity/sorority can often stunt a person’s mental health; in other words, it has the power to deteriorate a person’s mental health that otherwise would have been normal. Statistics have shown that you are more likely then non-affiliated students to not graduate in four years.

14. Closure They have proven to our nation time and time again that they do not value the privileges that are so freely given to them based on the letters on their shirts. A huge part of fraternity partying is their abuse of drugs and alcohol; I believe that when fraternities no longer exist on college campuses the amount of people suffering from alcohol and drug abuse will slowly decline. When there is no more hazing I believe that racial tension on college campuses will diminish and with it our country will grow together stronger as a nation. All in all the effects of fraternities on the brothers themselves, and on the people around them is nothing but negative and therefore should be banned from our college campuses.

15. Works Cited Horowitz, Helen L. 1987. Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kingkade, Tyler. UMD Frat Brother Allegedly Sent Racist Email, Signed Off With 'F*** Consent.’ The Huffington Post. March 13, 2015. Manning, Chadwick. Unsafe at Any House?: Attendees’ Perceptions of Microlevel Environmental Traits and Personal Safety at Fraternity and Nonfraternity Parties. 2013. Pg 3-17. Oct 1, 2015. Nuwer, Hank. 1990. Broken Pledges: The Deadly Rite of Hazing. Atlanta, GA: Longstreet Press. Parks, Gregory S., et al. "White boys drink, black girls yell... a racialized and gendered analysis of violent hazing and the law." Journal of Gender, Race and Justice Winter 2015: 93+. Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 2 Oct. 2015. Pike, Gary. The Influence of Fraternity or Sorority Membership on Students' College Experiences and Cognitive Development Research in Higher Education February 2000, Volume 41, Issue 1, pp 117-139. Oct. 1 2015Research in Higher Education Sterner, Ruth. “The History of Hazing in American Higher Eduation.” Oregon State University. 2013