1. Contributions to Life Expectancy at Birth Change in Life Expectancy at Birth 1900-401940-601960-90 Total change 15.96.45.1 Change attributable to: Infant mortality (<1) Child mortality (1-14) Young adult mortality (15-44) Older adult mortality (45-64) Elderly mortality (65+) Covariance terms 4.74.43.61.00.41.81.40.71.61.11.20.41.20.30.31.41.80.1 Note: The text describes the decomposition. Cutler and Meara 2001

2. Change in Mortality Rates by Age [Annual rate of decline for each age group] Age Groups 1900-401940-601960-90 Total change 0.9%1.5%1.2% Decline by age: Infant mortality (<1) Child mortality (1-14) Young adult mortality (15-44) Older adult mortality (45-64) Elderly mortality (65+) 2.74.22.10.60.33.54.43.11.41.13.32.50.61.31.1

3. Contribution of Different Diseases to Mortality and Mortality Change 1900-401940-601960-90 Cause Mortality rate Annual at beginning change Mortality rate Annual at beginning change Mortality rate Annual at beginning change Total 2376 -0.9% 1649 -1.5% 1228 -1.2% Infectious disease 764 (32%) -3.2% (76%) 208 (13%) -5.7 (34%) 64 (5%) ---- Pneumonia, Influenza Pneumonia, Influenza 282 -2.4 107 -3.9 48 -1.4 Tuberculosis Tuberculosis 208 -3.5 49 -9.2 7 -7.4 Dysentary, enteritis, & diarrheal diseases Dysentary, enteritis, & diarrheal diseases 137 -5.8 13 -4.9 5 ---- Vaccine preventable Vaccine preventable 84 -3.5 21 -11.2 2 ---- Other infections Other infections 53 -2.7 18 -9.9 2 ---- Cardiovascular disease 512 (22%) 0.9% (-29%) 725 (44%) 0.02 (-1%) 728 (59%) -2.3 (98%) Neoplasms 108 (5%) 1.2% (-9%) 176 (11%) 0.2 (-1%) 182 (15%) 0.4 (-6%) Respiratory neoplasms Respiratory neoplasms ---- ---- 9 5.3 25 2.9 Chronic nephritis a 132 (6%) 0.2% (-1%) 141(13%) -13.0 (32%) 9 (1%) -9.1 (2%) Accidents 87 (4%) 0.3% (-1%) 99 (6%) -2.4 (9%) 61 (5%) -1.6 (6%) Diabetes 17 (1%) 2.2% (-3%) 40 (2%) -3.0 (4%) 21 (2%) -0.4 (1%) Other 757 (32%) -2.6% (68%) 260 (16%) -2.3 (23%) 164 (13%) 0.7 (-10%) Note: Death rates are age adjusted to 1990 age distribution. The numbers in parentheses in the mortality rate column are the share of total mortality attributable to that cause. The numbers in parentheses in the annual change column are the share of the change in total mortality. a - Incudes chronic nephritis, nephritis not specified as chronic or acute, and unspecified renal sclerosis

4. Difference in difference of Effect of Medications on Mortality Annual change in mortality Annual change in mortality Before sulfanomides and After sulfanomides and Diseasepenicillin (1915-1935)penicillin (1945-1965)Difference Pneumonia/Influenza-1.9%-2.4% -0.5% Dysentary, enteritis,-6.1%-2.8%3.3% diarrheal disease Difference-in-difference-3.8% Note: Because death rates are based on entire US population, standard errors are negligible and therefore omitted. (Cutler and Meara 2001)