1. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 1 PHYS 3446 – Lecture #17 Monday, Nov. 8, 2010 Dr. Andrew Brandt Particle Detection Calorimeter D Ø detector Accelerators HW 7 due Wednesday

2. CERN completes transition to lead-ion running at the LHC Geneva, 8 November 2010. Four days is all it took for the LHC operations team at CERN to complete the transition from protons to lead ions in the LHC. After extracting the final proton beam of 2010 on 4 November, commissioning the lead-ion beam was underway by early afternoon. First collisions were recorded at 00:30 CET on 7 November, and stable running conditions marked the start of physics with heavy ions at 11:20 CET today. “The speed of the transition to lead ions is a sign of the maturity of the LHC,” said CERN Director General Rolf Heuer. “The machine is running like clockwork after just a few months of routine operation.” Operating the LHC with lead ions – lead atoms stripped of electrons - is completely different from operating the machine with protons. From the source to collisions, operational parameters have to be re-established for the new type of beam. For lead-ions, as for protons before them, the procedure started with threading a single beam round the ring in one direction and steadily increasing the number of laps before repeating the process for the other beam. Once circulating beams had been established they could be accelerated to the full energy of 287 TeV per beam. This energy is much higher than for proton beams because lead ions contain 82 protons. Another period of careful adjustment was needed before lining the beams up for collision, and then finally declaring that nominal data taking conditions, known at CERN as stable beams, had been established. The three experiments recording data with lead ions, ALICE, ATLAS and CMS can now look forward to continuous lead-ion running until CERN’s winter technical stop begins on 6 December. “It's been very impressive to see how well the LHC has adapted to lead ions,” said Jurgen Schukraft, spokesperson of the ALICE experiment. “The ALICE detector has been optimised to record the large number of tracks that emerge from ion collisions and has handled the first collisions very well, so we are all set to explore this new opportunity at LHC.” “After a very successful proton run, we’re very excited to be moving to this new phase of LHC operation,” said ATLAS spokesperson Fabiola Gianotti. “The ATLAS detector has recorded first spectacular heavy-ion events, and we are eager to study them in detail.” “We designed CMS as a multi-purpose detector,” said Guido Tonelli, the collaboration’s spokesperson, “and it’s very rewarding to see how well it’s adapting to this new kind of collision. Having data collected by the same detector in proton-proton and heavy-ion modes is a powerful tool to look for unambiguous signatures of new states of matter.” Lead-ion running opens up an entirely new avenue of exploration for the LHC programme, probing matter as it would have been in the first instants of the Universe’s existence. One of the main objectives for lead-ion running is to produce tiny quantities of such matter, which is known as quark-gluon plasma, and to study its evolution into the kind of matter that makes up the Universe today. This exploration will shed further light on the properties of the strong interaction, which binds the particles called quarks, into bigger objects, such as protons and neutrons. Following the winter technical stop, operation of the collider will start again with protons in February and physics runs will continue through 2011. 2

3. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 3 Principles of Calorimeters Total absorption calorimeter: See the entire shower energy Sampling calorimeter: See only some fraction of shower energy For EM Absorber plates For HAD

4. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 4 Example: Hadronic Shower (20GeV)

5. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 5 Run II DØ Detector

6. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 6 The DØ Upgrade Tracking System Charged Particle Momentum Resolution  p T /p T ~ 5% @ p T = 10 GeV/c

7. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 7 DØ Detector muon system shielding electronics

8. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 8 DØ Detector Central Calorimeter Solenoid Fiber Tracker Silicon

9. PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 9 New forward components of the D0 detector Intercryostat detector Forward pre- shower Monday, Nov. 8, 2010

10. PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 10 How can one obtain high energy particles? –Cosmic ray  Sometimes we observe 1000 TeV cosmic rays Low flux and cannot control energies too well To probe the fundamental constituents with full control of particle energies and fluxes –Particle accelerators Accelerators need not only to accelerate particles but also to –Maneuver them –Constrain their motions to the order of 1m1m –Must correct particle paths and momenta to increase fluxes and control momenta Particle Accelerators

11. Monday, Nov. 8, 2010PHYS 3446, Fall 2010 Andrew Brandt 11 Fixed target experiments: Probe the nature of the nucleons  Structure functions –Results also can be used for producing secondary particles for further accelerations  Tevatron anti-proton production Colliders: Probes the interactions between fundamental constituents –Hadron colliders: Wide kinematic ranges and high discovery potential Proton-anti-proton: TeVatron at Fermilab Proton-Proton: Large Hadron Collider at CERN –Lepton colliders: Very narrow kinematic range, typically used for precision measurements Electron-positron: LEP at CERN ILC in the med-range future Muon-anti-muon: Conceptual accelerator in the far future –Lepton-hadron colliders: HERA at DESY (ep) Particle Accelerators