2. Macromolecules Building Blocks of Life

3. Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules – macromolecules 4 major classes of macromolecules: – carbohydrates – lipids – proteins – nucleic acids

4. H2OH2O HO H HH Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain – monomers building blocks repeated small units – covalent bonds Dehydration synthesis

5. H2OH2O HO H HH How to build a polymer Synthesis – joins monomers by “taking” H 2 O out one monomer donates OH – other monomer donates H + together these form H 2 O – Requires enzymes enzyme Dehydration synthesis

6. H2OH2O HOH H H How to break down a polymer Digestion – use H 2 O to breakdown polymers reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time H 2 O is split into H + and OH – – H + & OH – attach to ends – requires enzymes Hydrolysis Digestion enzyme

7. 2009-2010 OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Carbohydrates energy molecules

8. What are carbohydrates? Carbohydrates are molecules made of sugars. A sugar contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2:1. Glucose is a common sugar found in grape juice.

9. Simple & complex sugars Monosaccharides One sugar molecule glucose Disaccharides – 2 sugars linked together – sucrose Polysaccharides – Many sugars linked – starch OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O Glucose

10. Building sugars Dehydration synthesis glycosidic linkage | glucose | glucose monosaccharidesdisaccharide | maltose H2OH2O

11. Building sugars Dehydration synthesis | fructose | glucose monosaccharides | sucrose (table sugar) disaccharide H2OH2O

12. Polysaccharides Starch and glycogen store energy long-term for plants or animals. They can be broken down into simple sugars. Function: – energy storage starch (plants) glycogen (animals) – in liver & muscles – structure cellulose (plants) chitin (arthropods & fungi)

13. Polysaccharides in plants and animals starch (plant) glycogen (animal) energy storage

14. Cellulose Most abundant organic compound on Earth – herbivores have evolved a mechanism to digest cellulose – most carnivores have not that’s why they eat meat to get their energy & nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage

15. Lipids long term energy storage concentrated energy Cushion organs Insulates Body

16. What are lipids? Why do they taste good? They include the butter, shortening, oil, egg yolks, and margarine that went into the meal.

17. What are lipids made out of? Lipids include fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes. Lipids consist of chains of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms. This structure makes lipids repel water.

18. Building Blocks of Fats dehydration synthesis H2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2OH2O enzyme

19. Saturated: Unsaturated:

20. Phospholipids Structure: – glycerol + 2 fatty acids + PO 4 PO 4 = negatively charged It’s just like me A head at one end & a tail at the other!

21. Why is this important? Phospholipids create a barrier in water – they make cell membranes!

22. What proteins do we eat at Thanksgiving? This includes the turkey, egg whites, most of the milk, any other meat and cheese.

23. 2009-2010 Proteins Are multipurpose molecules Protein functions include: 1)structural support 2)storage 3)transport 4)cellular communications 5)movement 6)defense against foreign substances

24. What are proteins made of? A protein consists of one or more polypeptides Polypeptides are large molecules built from the same set of 20 amino acids Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

25. General structureAlanineSerine Section 2-3 Go to Section: Amino group Carboxyl group Amino Acids are the building blocks that link to form proteins There are 20 Amino Acids

26. Building proteins Peptide bonds – covalent bond between NH 2 (amine) of one amino acid & COOH (carboxyl) of another – C–N bond peptide bond dehydration synthesis H2O

27. Protein structure (overview) amino acid sequence peptide bonds 1° determined by DNA Localized folding Folding to create an overall shape 3° multiple polypeptides 4° 2°

28. 2009-2010 Nucleic Acids Information storage

29. proteins DNA Nucleic Acids Function: – genetic material stores information – genes – blueprint for building proteins » DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information – blueprint for new cells – blueprint for next generation

30. What are nucleic acids? A nucleic acid is a long chain of nucleotide units. A nucleotide is a molecule made up of three parts: a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, contain the sugar deoxyribose. Nucleotides of ribonucleic acid, or RNA, contain the sugar ribose.

31. Nucleotides 3 parts – nitrogen base (C-N ring) – pentose sugar (5C) ribose in RNA deoxyribose in DNA – phosphate (PO 4 ) group Nitrogen base I’m the A,T,C,G or U part!

33. What are the Carbohydrates on Thanksgiving? Mashed potatoes, stuffing, cornbread, sweet potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugars, syrups, breads, pie crusts—big part of our Thanksgiving.