1. In pairs… Discuss and write down ways you think we can detect pollution in: – Air – Soil – Water

2. Detection and monitoring of pollution! Learning outcomes: – You should all be able to: Identify two direct methods of monitoring pollution Define the term Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) – Most of you should be able to: Describe two direct methods of monitoring pollution

3. Pollution in the world http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/200 7/jul/18/china.pollution?picture=330216030# /?picture=330216033&index=0 http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/gallery/200 7/jul/18/china.pollution?picture=330216030# /?picture=330216033&index=0

4. Measuring pollution We can measure pollution using both direct and indirect methods. Direct – record the amount of a pollutant in water, air or soil. Indirect – Record changes in an abiotic or biotic factor.

5. Air pollution monitoring Permanent or temporary air stations These will normally measure particulate matter (PM 10 ) and ozone (O 3 ), sometimes carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ). Permanent air pollution monitoring station in Cape Town, South Africa.

6. Air quality standards Vary from country to country. US Environmental Protection Agency – monitors the following: – Carbon monoxide (CO) – Lead (Pb) – Nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) – Ozone (O 3 ) – Particulate matter (PM 10, PM 2.5 ) – Sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) Mexico – SIMAT http://www.calidadaire.df.gob.mx/calidadaire/index.php

7. Water pollution Depends on classification of water body Tests can be chemical, physical or biological Fixed stations / monitoring points or temporary.

8. Water – physical Temperature (thermometer / temperature sensor) Flow (flow meter) Amount of sediment (Secchi disc)

9. Water - chemical The following aspects can be tested: – Water – Water sediment – Fish tissue The following tests can be performed: – Test for dissolved oxygen (dissolved oxygen sensor) – Nutrients – Heavy metals – Pesticides

10. Water – biological testing Indirectly using macroinvertebrates and other indicator species – we will see this in more detail later.

11. Mexico http://www.atl.org.mx/index.php?option=co m_content&view=article&id=1929&catid=114 &Itemid=576 http://www.atl.org.mx/index.php?option=co m_content&view=article&id=1929&catid=114 &Itemid=576

12. Soil pollution Physical, chemical and biological Group of characteristics needed: – Soil texture, density, infiltration, water retention, microbial mass, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium. Not sufficient to analyse just one characteristic…