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(C) Bonding and Structure
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After completing this topic you should be able to : (C) Bonding and Structure Solubility of ionic compounds, polar molecules and non-polar molecules. Ionic compounds and polar molecular compounds tend to be soluble in polar solvents such as water and insoluble in nonpolar solvents. Non-polar molecular substances tend to be soluble in non-polar solvents and insoluble in polar solvents. Solubility and bonding
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Predicting solubility from solute and solvent polarities Learning intention Learn how the polarity of both the solute and solvent molecules influences solubility.
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Solvent Action
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Water is a polar molecule so it is a polar solvent. A liquid that a substance dissolves in is called a SOLVENT. Solvents can be either polar or non-polar molecules. Immiscible liquids do not mix, e.g. oil and water, however, non-polar liquids are miscible with each other. Polar solvents will usually dissolve polar molecules. Non-polar solvents will usually dissolve non-polar molecules. Water has a polar covalent bonding between O and H. O H H -- ++ ++ ++ ++ --
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Dissolving in Water Hydrated ions Ionic Compound dissolving in water: -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++ -++-+- - -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++ ++ -- ++ ++ + -- ++ -- ++ ++
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Dissolving in Water
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Hydrated ions Pure Hydrogen chloride is polar covalent. When water is added it breaks to produce ions Cl - -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++ ++ -- ++ ++ H+H+ -- ++ -- ++ ++ H Cl ++ -- -- ++ ++ -- ++ ++
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Dissolving in Water Generally, covalent molecules are insoluble in water. However, small molecules like ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), with a polar O-H functional group, will dissolve, -- ++ ++ H2OH2O Ethanol ++ O H HH H H CC H --
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Oil and water
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