1. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord Basics:  Extends from the foramen magnum of the skull to the first or second lumbar vertebra  Dimensions:  17” (42 cm) length thumb diameter  Conduction pathway is a two way conduction pathway to and from the brain  Enclosed by the vertebral column  Extends from the foramen magnum (skull) to the L1-L2

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The collection of spinal nerves at the end of the vertebral canal is referred to as the cauda equina.  The gray matter contains the central canal (CSF) and is located in the dorsal/anterior horns of the spinal cord.  Whereas the white matter contains the conduction tracts and is located dorsal, lateral, ventral columns in the spinal cord.  The dorsal region contains ascending tracts carrying sensory to the brain and the lateral and ventral tracts contain both ascending and descending motor tracts.

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord Anatomy Figure 7.20 (1 of 2)

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord Anatomy Figure 7.20 (2 of 2)

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Cord Anatomy Figure 7.21

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pathways Between Brain and Spinal Cord Figure 7.22 **Label this diagram in your packets.

7. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)  Consists of Nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system  Nerve = bundle of neuron fibers  Neuron fibers are bundled by connective tissue

8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Structure of a Nerve Figure 7.23

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cranial Nerves  There are 12 cranial pairs of nerves that primarily serve the head and neck.  Only the vagus nerve extends to the thoracic and abdominal cavities.  Most of these nerves are mixed nerves which means  they have both motor and sensory fibers

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Classification of Nerves  Mixed nerves  Both sensory and motor fibers  Sensory (afferent) nerves  Carry impulses toward the CNS  Motor (efferent) nerves  Carry impulses away from the CNS

11. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Cranial Nerves  12 pairs of nerves that mostly serve the head and neck  Only the pair of vagus nerves extend to thoracic and abdominal cavities  Most are mixed nerves, but three are sensory only

12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Cranial Nerves  I. Olfactory nerve  sensory for smell  II. Optic nerve  sensory for vision  III. Oculomotor nerve  motor fibers to 4 of 6 eye muscles that control lens shape & pupil size  IV. Trochlear  motor fiber to 1 eye muscle **These you’ll want to put on a separate sheet of paper. You’ll need to know them by both name and number!! **You’ll also want to label the diagram in your packets and trace the sensory pathways in red, motor in blue.

13. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Cranial Nerves  V. Trigeminal nerve  sensory for the face, nose, & mouth; motor fibers to chewing muscles  VI. Abducens nerve  motor fibers to lateral eye muscles  VII. Facial nerve  sensory for taste; controls facial expression, salivary & lacrimal glands  VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve  sensory for balance and hearing

14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Cranial Nerves  IX. Glossopharyngeal nerve  sensory for posterior tongue taste; motor fibers to the pharynx for swallowing & saliva production  X. Vagus nerves  sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and abdominal & thoracic viscera (digestion & heart)  XI. Accessory nerve  motor fibers to neck muscles (sterno. & trapezius)  XII. Hypoglossal nerve  motor fibers to control tongue movement

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Nerves  There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves.  Each is named for the region for which they arise.  Almost immediately after being formed, each spinal nerve divides into dorsal and ventral rami.  They contain both dorsal and ventral fibers.  Spinal nerves form complex networks of nerves called plexus.

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Spinal Nerves  They are the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral plexuses.  ***On the next slide you’ll need to use those to fill in the information for the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses.

17. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 7.2 (1 of 2)

18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: The Cranial Nerves Table 7.1 (1 of 4)

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The following slides are for more information on the cranial nerves.

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: The Cranial Nerves Table 7.1 (2 of 4)

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: The Cranial Nerves Table 7.1 (3 of 4)

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: The Cranial Nerves Table 7.1 (4 of 4)

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PNS: Distribution of Cranial Nerves Figure 7.24