1. Speech and Rhetoric ENG 3UI

2. What is rhetoric?  Rhetoric is the art of discourse (communication of thought through words)  Focuses on the capability of the speaker to inform, persuade, and motivate audiences in specific situations.  The best known definition comes from Aristotle who considers it a counterpart of both logic and politics – a means of persuasion.  Rhetoric provides a technique for problem solving for immediate goals, in order to speed up the process of finding a solution.

3. The five canons of rhetoric…  The five canons of rhetoric, which trace the traditional tasks in designing a persuasive speech, were first codified in classical Rome:  invention  arrangement  style  memory  delivery

4. Invention  Means a systematic search for arguments  A speaker uses Inventio when he or she begins the thought process to form and develop an effective argument.  Often, the invention phase can be seen as the first step in an attempt to generate ideas or create an argument that is convincing and compelling.

5. Arrangement  Concerns the crafting and delivery of speeches and writing.  The orator or writer has to select various arguments and organize them into an effective discourse.  Two essential parts of a discourse: the statement of the case and the proof of the case.

6. Style  There are a number of things to decide in developing a style for a particular discourse.  First, there was the level of style; plain, middle, or high.  Writers were instructed to match the basic style to their subject matter and their audience.  Good style included correctness, clearness, appropriateness, and ornament.  The last and most important of the excellences of style is ornament, which is defined as extraordinary or unusual use of language  A great amount of attention was paid to figures of speech.  Also important to style is the proper use of punctuation and conjunctions; the desirable order of words in a sentence and the length of sentences.

7. Memory  Memory is the discipline of recalling the arguments of a discourse.  It generally received less attention from writers than other parts of rhetoric, as there is less to be said about the subject.  However, the need to memorize speeches did influence the structure of discourse to some extent.  Requires more than just rote memorization.  The speaker has to have at his command a wide body of knowledge to permit improvisation, to respond to questions, and to refute opposing arguments.

8. Delivery  Its importance declined even more, once the written word became the focus of rhetoric.  In public speaking today, it may be somewhat over- emphasized.  Rhetoricians laid down guidelines on the use of the voice and gestures, proper modulation of the voice (volume and pitch), as well as the phrasing, pace, and emphasis of speech.  Also covered were the physical aspects of oration: stance, gestures, posture, and facial expressions.  Delivery is based on the technology of the times.  Written delivery developed because of the written language, and now delivery is both spoken and written. Technology has taken away the distinctions between written and oral delivery.

9.  Rhetoric was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments.

10. Stylistic Devices commonly used in rhetoric…  Alliteration: The repetition of a sound in the first syllable of each phrase....  Anadiplosis: The last word or phrase is repeated to begin the next....  Antimetabole: The repetition of words or phrases in successive clauses, but in reverse order....  Antithesis: A word, phrase, or sentence opposes the original proposition.  Anaphora: successive clauses or sentences start with the same word(s. The same word or phrase is used to begin successive clauses or sentences. Thus, the reader's / listener's attention is drawn directly to the message of the sentence.

11. Martin Luther King Jr. – “I have a Dream”

12. Steven Paul Jobs – Commencement Address, Stanford University

13. Barack Obama -  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoFqV3qVMGA

14.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjXyqcx-mYY

15. Rhetoric Resources Speeches  http://www.americanrhetoric.co m/top100speechesall.html Stylistic Devices: Resource  http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram- up/writing/style