1. Agriculture

2. Economic Activities 1. Primary  Extraction of products 2. Secondary  Taking a primary product & turning into something else 3. Tertiary  Service industries 4. Quaternary  Tied to information or exchange of money or goods 5. Quinary (sometimes combined with quaternary)  Tied to research, higher education, or decision-making

3. Occupations for Economic Activities 1. Primary  Agriculture, ranching, hunting & gathering, fishing, forestry, mining & quarrying 2. Secondary  Manufacturing 3. Tertiary  Bankers, lawyers, doctors, teachers, nurses, salespeople, clerks, secretaries 4. Quaternary  IT specialists, computer analysts, finance, real estate 5. Quinary  Top executives in science, universities, media, etc.

4. Agriculture: Terms  Agriculture is the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.  “Cultivate” means “to care for.”  Any cultivated plant is called a “crop.”

5. Earth: The Apple of Our Eye

6. Agriculture is IMPORTANT!  Only about three percent of the Earth’s surface is capable of growing food. Over the past century, farming technology has made it possible to produce more food from the world’s limited cropland to feed the growing world’s population. However, much of this arable (farmland) land has been taken out of production for urban/suburban development and livestock grazing, or has been mismanaged leading to irreparable soil erosion. By 2030, we will need to produce 30 percent more grain to feed the expected population of 8.2 billion. Protecting our arable land resources is becoming more important than ever. Food and Hunger 2008.

7. Some facts about farmland:  In the U.S., soil is now eroding at 17 times the rate at which it forms. The soil erosion rate is estimated to be double in Asia, Africa, and South America.  In order to feed the nearly 80 million human added to the population annually, 12 million acres of new land must be put into production  More than 25 million acres of productive arable land are severely degraded and abandoned worldwide every year – that’s an area the sixe of the states of Ohio, Indian, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota put together.

8. Origin of Agriculture 1. Hunters & Gatherers 2. First Agricultural Revolution 3. Second Agricultural Revolution 4. Green Revolution

9. Hunters & Gatherers  Facts  Small groups, low population density  Limited material culture  No permanent settlements, nomadic  Hunters  Men  Hunted animals or fished (20-40% of food)  Gathers  Women  Gathered nuts, berries, fruits, roots, plants, etc. (60-80% of food)  Today  Isolated areas  ¼ million people (0.005% of world population)

10. First Agricultural Revolution  Neolithic Revolution  Agricultural Revolution that took place approximately 10,000 years ago when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering.

11. Plant Domestication Root Crops (Vegetative Planting)  Earliest  Cutting plants/dividing roots  Cultivating roots  Southeast Asia, Africa & South America Seed Crops  More complex  Cultivating seeds  Seed selection, sowing, watering, timed harvesting  West India, Northern China & Ethiopia then to Near East & Europe

14. Animal Domestication  Southwest Asia  Goats (Zagros Mountains) = 10,000 yrs ago  Sheep (Anatolia) = 9,500 yrs ago  Pigs, cattle & dogs  Reasons  Ceremony  Pets  Scavengers  Labor  Food/milk  Changes over time  Animals change over time  Protected from predators  Chose more docile, smaller animals  As animals bones get smaller = domestication

16. Contributing Factors to First Agricultural Revolution Climate Cultural Preferences

17. The First Agricultural Revolution: Human progress, right? Jared Diamond, The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race.

18. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yoc ja_N5s1I&index=1&list=PLBDA2E52FB1EF 80C9

22. The Colombian Exchange https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQPA5oNpfM4 Start at 5:52 end at 10:00