2. Origins of the Cold War  U.S.-Soviet Relations to 1945  Allies in World War II  Postwar Cooperation – the U.N  Satellite States in Eastern Europe  Occupation Zones in Germany  Iron Curtain

3. Uneasy peace between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. Competition for world dominance and global power. Fought on political and economic fronts rather than on military battlefields---------Even though the threat of war was always present. Defined America’s foreign policy from 1946 to 1989. It affected domestic politics and how Americans viewed the world and themselves. Constant state of military preparedness and arms race Propaganda war----Democracy vs Communism US policy: Support nations threatened by Communism coldwar

4. NAT O Communistic Warsaw Pact

5. The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War map/cold war Soviet Union/China and Allies…….. Democracy vs. Communism Bi-Polarization of the World US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies. 1950’s

6. The Cold War: Roots of the Conflict Soviet Expansion: · The Soviet Union occupied most of Eastern Europe by the end of World War II.

7. Satellite State  When a nation is under the control of another.  Ex. Part of Germany was under the control of the Soviet Union.  Other examples: Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria

8. The “Iron Curtain” From Stettin in the Balkans, to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lies the ancient capitals of Central and Eastern Europe. -- Sir Winston Churchill, 1946

9. Truman Doctrine [1947] 1.Civil War in Greece. 2.Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles. 3.The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. 4.The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.

10. Marshall Plan [1948] 1.“European Recovery Program.” 2.Secretary of State, George Marshall 3.The U. S. should provide aid to all European nations that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. 4.$12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].

11. * The U.S. gave over $12 billion in aid to European countries between 1948 and 1952, helping to improve their economies and lessen the chance of communist revolutions.

12. map/cold war Soviet Union/China and Allies…….. Containment: Stop the expansion of Communism in Asia and Europe US, Allied Nations and Allied colonies. 1950’s

13. China 1949 Soviet Union 1918 Korean War 1950 to 1953 Eastern Europe 1946 CONTAINMENT Marshall Plan Berlin Airlift NATO Korean War Berlin Blockade 1947- 8

14. Focus on Berlin  After World War II, Germany was divided into four zones, occupied by French, British, American, and Soviet troops. Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone.

15. · In June of 1948, the French, British and American zones were joined into the nation of West Germany after the Soviets refused to end their occupation of Germany. Soviet blockade: West Germany East Germany West Berlin East Berlin

16. · In response, the Soviets cut off West Berlin from the rest of the world with a blockade. Eventual site of the Berlin Wall

17. · President Truman decided to avoid the blockade by flying in food and other supplies to the needy people of West Berlin. Berlin Airlift · At times, over 5,000 tons of supplies arrived daily.

18. Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948- 49)

19. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949) ❖ United States ❖ Belgium ❖ Britain ❖ Canada ❖ Denmark ❖ France ❖ Iceland ❖ Italy ❖ Luxemburg ❖ Netherlands ❖ Norway ❖ Portugal ❖ 1952: Greece & Turkey ❖ 1955: West Germany ❖ 1983: Spain Military alliance to counter Soviet expansion.

20. NATO

21. Warsaw Pact (1955) }U. S. S. R. }Albania }Bulgaria }Czechoslovakia }East Germany }Hungary }Poland }Rumania Soviet Union and satellite states rival alliance to NATO

22. NATO Mao Tse Tung, defeats Chang Kai Shek in the Chinese Civil War….. China became a communistic country. Chang Kai Shak is exiled to Taiwan. Mao Tse Tung becomes the Communistic leader of China. US believed there was a communistic plot to rule the world Mao Tse Tung Chang Kai Shek

23. 1950 to 1953, North Korea invades South Korea. North Korea was a communist nation and South Korea was a democracy. First war of “containment” policy to stop communism “Police Action” not a declared war President Truman leads United Nations. General Douglas MacArthur commands US and UN troops. Called “forgotten war”.

24. Stalemate by 1953. Pres. Eisenhower negotiated an end to war Divided at 38 th parallel Communism contained Remains divided today

26. atomic bomb The world would now live with the threat of nuclear war. Arms race between Soviet Union and U.S. who could build the most nuclear weapons. U.S. would use nuclear weapons as a “ deterrent ” Peace through strength…… “nuclear diplomacy”

27. The Arms Race: A “Missile Gap?” }The Soviet Union exploded its first A-bomb in 1949. }Now there were two nuclear superpowers!

29. Brinkmanship  Belief that only going to the brink of war would protect the U.S. from going to war with the Soviet Union.  U.S. would threaten mass retaliation with Soviet Union in order to try to get them to back off.

30. Eisenhower Doctrine  Stated that the U.S. would use force to help any Middle Eastern nation threatened by communism.

31. CIA  Central Intelligence Agency- 1947  Intelligence gathering organization.  1953 helped install a new government in Iran and in 1954 same thing in Guatemala  Both helped to place anticommunist leaders in power and also created long term resentment toward U.S.

32. The Race for Space

33. 1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I Facts on Sputnik Aluminum sphere, 23 inches in diameter weighing 184 pounds with four steel antennae emitting radio signals. Launched Oct. 4, 1957 Stayed in orbit 92 days, until Jan. 4, 1958

34. Effects on the United States Americans fear a Soviet attack with missile technology Americans resolved to regain technological superiority over the Soviet Union In July 1958, President Eisenhower created NASA or National Space and Aeronautics Agency 1958 --> National Defense Education Act 1957 Russians launch SPUTNIK I

35. Atomic Anxieties: “Duck-and-Cover Generation” Atomic Testing: Between July 16, 1945 and Sept. 23, 1992, the United States conducted 1,054 official nuclear tests, most of them at the Nevada Test Site. Americans began building underground bomb shelters and cities had underground fallout shelters. Effects of Sputnik on United States

38. Red Scare was Americans response to the fear of Communism Senator Joseph McCarthy accused 205 US Govt. officials of being Communist. McCarthyism to destroy or assassinate one’s character without proof and it ruined the careers of many Americans. red scare Became a witch hunt that led to Americans pledging a “loyalty oath” to the United States…….

39. NATO Soviets detonate their first atomic bomb….. The question is raised, where did they get the technology the bomb? Ethel and Julius Rosenberg would be accused of giving away atomic bomb secrets. Charged with espionage they would be found guilty and executed in 1953.

41. 1947 investigation led to prison sentences for contempt known as the Hollywood Ten. Blacklisted: a list of persons who are under suspicion, disfavor, or censure, or who are not to be hired, served, or otherwise accepted. red scare3

42. McCarthyism  Claimed 205 communists working for State Department  Attacked wealthy & privileged—popular appeal  Even Eisenhower wouldn’t challenge him  Army hearings in 1954 televised ● McCarthy exposed as a bully “reckless cruelty”