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2. 1. IP protection is territorial Example: if you have applied for and obtained patent protection for your innovative product in your own country, you will NOT benefit from similar protection in other countries unless you have also obtained protection in those countries. Exceptions: ◦ Copyright and related rights: automatic protection in over 150 countries ◦ Trade secrets: no formal registration تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 2

3. 2. IP laws and procedures are not identical world-wide Example 1: trademark protection use vs. registration Example 2: first-to-file system for patents vs. first-to- invent system Example 3: software protection (copyright vs. patents) Example 4: designs or works of applied art (copyright vs. industrial design protection) تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 3

4. 3. Ensure that your product does not infringe IP rights of others: analyze your “freedom to operate” Example 1: the same trademark may already exist in the export market Example 2: it is possible that a given technology is not patented in your country but is patented elsewhere Example 3: you may have a license to use a given technology in your own country, but you do not have the right to use it in an export market تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 4

5. 4. There are regional and international protection systems that may be useful for saving time and money and simplifying procedures for applying for protection in various countries. International Systems: - Industrial Designs: The Hague System - Trademarks: The Madrid System - Patents: The Patent Cooperation Treaty or PCT تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 5

6. Regional Systems (may also be used by applicants from outside the regions) - African Regional Industrial Property Office - Benelux Designs and Benelux Trademarks Offices - Eurasian Patent Office - European Patent Office - Office for the Harmonization of the Internal Market (TMs and IDs in EU) - Organisation Africaine de la Propriété Intellectuelle - Patent Office of the Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the persian Gulf تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 6

7. 5. There are deadlines for applying for IP protection abroad Once you have applied for patent or design protection in your home country you have a limited period of time (called the “priority period”) to apply for the protection abroad. Once the priority period has lapsed, if you have not filed an application, it will be too late. Patents: 12 months Designs: 6 months Trademarks: 6 month تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 7

8. 6. Early disclosure of your product without protection is risky Example: if you disclose your product to trade partners (e.g., export sales representatives) without a non-disclosure agreement or you publish your new product in a catalogue, brochure, etc. prior to applying for protection you may lose your invention or design to others or find you may no longer protect it. تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 8

9. 7. Clearly define issues pertaining to IP ownership with partners Example: If you are developing a new product with another enterprise, establishing a joint venture, or modifying the design, package or trademark of a product, ensure that it is clear (preferably in the written contract) who will be the owner of any IP generated تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 9

10. 8. To license IP in a foreign market, the IP needs to be first protected in that market Companies seeking to license the manufacturing of their product in a number of markets, should ensure that their IP is protected and is not in the public domain in those markets (e.g. protection has been obtained and has not expired) تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 10

11. 9. A country’s policy on parallel importing may affect a company’s export and pricing strategy Parallel importing relates to whether a product bought by another company may be introduced into a different country (where its IP is protected) without the authorization of the right holder. This may, for example, affect a company’s pricing strategy in foreign markets. تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 11

12. 10. Prior to launching a product under a given trademark, it is important to check whether the trademark has undesirable connotations and/or whether an application for its registration as a trademark may be rejected in that country. Examples: Ford NOVA, in Spanish means “does not go or work”; PAJERO literally means “straw dealer” but is also slang for masturbation تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 12

13. To register or not to register  Advantages of Registration ◦ Broader, Stronger, Easier to enforce protection  Disadvantages ◦ Costs ◦ Formalities ◦ Effect of the “Territoriality of Rights” تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 13

14. 14 تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي The main legal instruments of the patent system Paris convention Patent cooperation treaty Regional system

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30. (1) What is the PCT? (2) Why use the PCT? What are its advantages? تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 30

31. A mainly procedural international treaty facilitating certain steps in the process of obtaining patents internationally More specifically, the PCT establishes a procedure for the filing and processing of a single application for a patent which has legal effect in the countries which are Treaty members Simplifies the procedure for obtaining patent protection in many countries, making it more efficient and economical for: (1) users of the patent system (applicants and inventors); and (2) patent Offices تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 31

32. What are its advantages? تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 32

33. 1. brings the world within reach 2. postpones the major costs associated with internationalizing a patent application 3. provides a strong basis for patenting decisions 4. is used by the world’s major corporations, universities and research institutions when they seek international patent protection 5. allows you to apply securely and easily online, and to save money by doing so تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 33

34. تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 34 Traditional patent system vs. PCT system Fees for: --translations --Office fees --local agents 0 12 File local application File applications abroad (months) Traditional (months) File PCT application 1230 International search report & written opinion 1618 International publication (optional) File demand for International preliminary examination File local application Enter national phase 2228 (optional) International preliminary report on patentability PCT 0 Fees for: --translations --Office fees --local agents

35. According to IP Global Estimator, the total cost of hypothetical application (RO/US, ISA/EP, 46 pages/12 claims w/3 independent, national phase in AU, CA, EPO, JP, MX, US, and EP validation in DE, FR, GB, IT, NL & SE, + maintenance fees--from filing until expiration of 12 national phase patents at 20 years from the filing date) would be USD $232,742 ◦ Thus, the PCT filing fees, including the international search by the EPO, (total: USD $3,637) represented 1.6% of what the PCT applicant could expect to pay throughout the full life of this patent family If the payment of annual maintenance fees is eliminated from the above calculation, the total amount that the applicant would expect to pay to see his/her patents granted is reduced to USD $86,398. PCT filing fees would then represent 4.2% of this amount  [Estimate date: July 1, 2007] تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 35

36. Is used by the world’s major corporations, universities and research institutions when they seek international patent protection تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 36

37. He/she uses it as a basis for their patenting decisions--decisions about: 1) whether to enter the national phase 2) where to enter the national phase Example-- Based on the information received during both Chapters I and II, the Procter & Gamble company found that it: --abandoned 20% of PCT filings at national phase (did not enter national phase at all anywhere); --when it did enter national phase, it did so in only 70% of the States it had originally intended to patent in تبريز - مهر ماه 1390 - دكتر حميد عزيزي 37

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