1. BACTERIA AND VIRUSES
ANTIBIOTICS
AND
BACTERIAL RESISTANCE TO 1

2. Viruses vs. Bacteria Viruses
Genetic material (DNA or RNA) in a protective coat
Attach themselves to a host cell to reproduce inside that cell.
Bacteria
Independent cell
Able to live and reproduce outside human or animal cells.

3. What Some Viruses Look Like
Influenza Virus
Flu
HIV
Human
immunodeficiency virus

4. What are Bacteria? Single-celled microscopic organisms
Larger than viruses but smaller than human cells
Majority play a positive role in nature:
Aid in digestion
Digest sewage into simple chemicals
Help plants in gas exchange.
Some are harmful and can cause disease

5. Virus Invades Host Cells
Viruses lack some of the machinery to grow and reproduce by themselves
A virus invades a live host cell inside your body and starts replicating itself.
The host cell releases the copied viruses.
Each released virus will look for a new live host cell to invade and repeat the process.

6. The Host Defends Itself
The Immune System
Detects the virus
Produces specific antibodies to inactivate the virus.
Sends white blood cells to fight and destroy the virus.

7. Other Facts About Viruses
Some viral infections can be prevented by vaccines (influenza, HPV, hepatitis B, measles, and mumps)
Treatment for the common cold is directed toward relief of symptoms with over the counter medicines while the body’s immune system is fighting the virus.
Anti-viral medications are available for only certain viruses.

8. What Some Bacteria Look Like?
E. coli
Urinary Tract Infection
Streptococcus
Strep throat, skin infection

9. Example of Bacterial Structure

10. Most Bacteria Are Harmless and Even Beneficial
Soil, water, plants
-Recycle organic matter and wastes
Animals
-Aid in digestion of cellulose in stomachs of cows
Humans
-Occupy (colonize) sites that might otherwise be invaded by harmful bacteria
-Aid in our digestion

11. Colonization vs. Infection
Colonization: The presence of bacteria in or on your body without causing any symptoms of infection. Infection: Bacteria invade and damage tissue, or produce a toxin that damages tissue.

12. How the Host Fights Harmful Bacteria
First line of defense is a barrier preventing entry into the tissue.
Skin, lining of airway, esophagus, etc.
Stomach acid
Frequent blinking, or urination
Mucus in the lungs
Immune System: Antibodies kick butt!
Attach to bacteria
Cause inflammation and higher blood flow
White blood cells attach and ingest bacteria.

13. The Battle Between Bacteria and Hosts
When harmful bacteria attack healthy cells there are three potential outcomes:
Host cell wins, bacteria are removed, cells will recover.
Bacteria will win and kill the host cells.
Bacteria and the host cells will live together.

14. What is an Antibiotic?
A chemical that kills bacteria or stops them from growing.
Antibiotics work only against bacteria, not viruses.

15. Key Concepts to Remember About Antibiotic
A newly developed antibiotic is most effective when it is first released to humans.
Today, some bacteria are resistant to all available antibiotics.
Overtime, fewer antibiotics will be effective, unless more effective ones are made.

16. Bacterial Lock and Antibiotic Key
Three things can happen:
The antibiotic unlocks the bacteria and kills it (breaks cell membrane)
Antibiotic becomes damaged, can’t open the bacteria lock. Or lock becomes blocked and antibiotic can’t open it.
Mutations can cause antibiotic resistance, they can pump the drug out before they can work

17. Important Things to Remember About Antibiotics
Antibiotics kill bacteria, NOT viruses
Taking an antibiotic incorrectly for colds can select bacteria in the body that are resistant to antibiotic.
NEVER save or share your antibiotics.
Take your antibiotics as prescribed by your care provider.

18. Why Should You Be Concerned About Antibiotic Resistance?
Antibiotic resistance is a serious global problem
Resistance bacteria needs more than one antibiotic to kill.
Those antibiotics are expensive and can be dangerous to the body.
These new antibiotics can have dangerous side effects.

19. Environmental Concerns
Antibiotics are used in animals to PREVENT infection, not treat. This can cause faster animal growth.
Excessive antibiotic use can lead to selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria which can get into humans.
This can come from close contact or consumption of infected meat or dairy products.