1. Chapter 6 DNA, RNA & Protein Synthesis

2. 1. DNA replication occurs where? nucleus

3. 2.What are the monomers of DNA/Nucleic Acid and proteins? Nucleotides & amino acids

4. 3.Who initially discovered the helix shape of DNA and was she (at the time) recognized for the accomplishment Rosalind Franklin and she was not given recognition because she was a female scientist in the 1950’s.

5. 4.What did Watson and Crick do to get the Nobel Prize? They used Franklin’s work (the DNA x-ray) and published the findings

6. 5.What are the 3 parts of the nucleotide (include amounts of each) 1 sugar + 1 phosphate + 1 nitrogen base

7. 6.Approximately how many base pairs are on one chromosome? 140 million

8. 7.When grouping the nitrogen bases by similar characteristics, the purines have ___ (amt.) of rings and consist of the bases of ________ and ___________. 2 guanine adenine GA

9. 8.When grouping the nitrogen bases by similar characteristics, the pyrimidines have ___(amt.) of rings and consist of the bases of _________ and _________. 1 cytosinethymine

10. 9. Singular ringed bases pair with double-ringed bases when forming DNA, what are the complimentary base pairs? A-T (adenine to thymine) & C-G (cytosine to guanine)

11. 10.Where are the bonds in the DNA molecule? Which are strong bonds & which are weak? Phosphate-Deoxyribose-Nitrogen Base are strong covalent bonds Nitrogen Base-Nitrogen Base are weak hydrogen bonds (h-bonds)

12. 11. What is the end result of semi- conservative replication? 2 identical double helix strands (each with 1 new strand/side and 1original strand/side)

13. 12.What are the 4 steps of DNA replication? 1. Unwind and separation of DNA; 2. DNA polymerase enzyme adds in free- floating nucleotides to each DNA strand; 3. Covalent bonds are formed between sugars and phosphates and H-bonds between the nitrogen bases; 4. resulting in 2 identical DNA helixes

14. 13.What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid

15. 14.What is the function of RNA? To carry the DNA code from the nucleus an make proteins at the ribosomes

16. 15.What are the 4 major differences between DNA and RNA? 1. Deoxyribose vs ribose sugar 2. ACGT base pairs (DNA) vs. ACGU (RNA) 3. Double stranded (DNA) vs single stranded (RNA). 4. Helix(DNA) vs. Not usually helixed (RNA )

17. 16.What brings a copy of information from the DNA to the ribosome? Messenger RNA

18. 17.What binds to the mRNA on 1 end and brings an amino acid on the other? Transfer RNA

19. 18.What makes up part of the ribosome and hold the mRNA during translation? Ribosomal RNA

20. 19.Which RNA makes the proteins? ALL 3!

21. 20.What is the process that makes mRNA from DNA and where does it occur? Transcription and in the nucleus

22. 21.What are the 4 steps of transcription? 1. DNA unwinds & separates 2. RNA nucleotides pair with 1 strand of DNA bases 3. When segment is copied, RNA leaves nucleus 4 DNA strand rejoins

23. 22.What are the segments of mRNA that are not needed and left in the nucleus like “garbage”? introns

24. 23.What is the segment of RNA that leaves the nucleus to be read and “expressed”? exon

25. 24.What process makes proteins at the ribosome by using the DNA code? Translation

26. 25.What are the 4 steps of translation? 1. mRNA goes to ribosome 2. tRNA temporarily pair with mRNA 3. the amino acids at the end of the tRNA bond together and the tRNA leaves 4. translation stops when STOP codon is reached.

27. 26.What is the 3 nucleotide code on the mRNA called ? Codon

28. 27.What is the 3 nucleotide matching code on the tRNA called? Anticodon

29. 28.What is on the opposite end of the Anticodon Amino acid

30. 29.What are a chain of amino acids called? A protein/polypeptide

31. 30.codon codes for how many amino acids ? 1

32. 31.Is the order of the amino acids important? Why Yes because it determines what protein is going to be produced

33. 32.Can you change the order, add, or take an amino acid out and NOT change the protein Absolutely NOT!

34. 33.What is the mRNA start codon and what amino acid does it code for ? AUG-Met

35. 34.What are the 3 mRNA stop codons and what amino acids do they code for? UAA, UAG & UGA-no amino acids

36. 35.What process makes DNA? 1.Replication

37. 36.What 3 processes in order make protein and list the location of each process? Transcription (nucleus), translation (primarily at the ribosomes) and proteins synthesis (ribosomes)

38. 37.What is the definition of a mutation? Permanent change in DNA sequence

39. 38.What are the 3 possible results of a mutation? 1. harmful, 2. no effect 3. beneficial

40. 39.What type of mutation does NOT change the amount of bases because it just substitutes a base for another base? Point mutation

41. 40.What type of mutation changes the number of bases because it adds or deletes a base? Frameshift

42. 41.Which mutation does NOT always affect the protein/gene? Point mutation because there are multiple codon combinations for amino acids

43. 42.Which mutation ALWAYS changes the protein/gene? Frameshift

44. 43. Using the DNA sequence: T – T – T – T – C – T – C – A – C DNA complimentary strand: A – A – A – A – G – A –G – T – G mRNA strand: (use your complimentary strand as a template U – U – U – U – C –U – C – A - C Amino Acid sequence: (using the codon chart) (UUU) (UCU) (CAC) Phe- Ser- His tRNA strand: (matches to mRNA) A – A – A – A – G – A – G – U – G