1. Initiating Rotation while Airborne 1. R R 2. C R 3. T F S

2. Reaction Rotation to Initiate Twist Rotation  while airborne L is constant and ΣT = 0   rotation action in one direction causes a rotation reaction in the opposite direction  360° full turn/twist requires 8 series of steps alternating I during arm swing/recovery  HJ clearing trailing body parts [straddle, flop]

3. Cat Rotation to Initiate Twist Rotation  Page 505 FIG 15.8  Page 503 FIG 15.6

4. Cat Rotation to Initiate Twist Rotation 1. A. place lower & upper axes at an  2. B. twist upper body, lower body has small reaction 3. C. twist lower body, upper body has small reaction page 505 FIG 15.8 180° half turn/twist requires 3 steps as follows:

5. Somersault to Initiate a Twist 1.from symmetrical position, initiate layout back sommie (establish L about ML axis) 2.move to asymmetrical position [drop rt. arm] page 506 FIG 15.9 - this reduces I on rt. side of body    about ML axis on that side - nutation (tilt of body) results and a twist begins

6. Somersault to Initiate Twist Rotation  most effective of the 3 methods of initiating a full twist (360°)  multiple twists (720° rotation or more), performer usually initiates some of the twist from the ground (F reaction ) in addition to the airborne maneuvers (symmetrical to asymmetrical during the somersault action)

7. “Kicker” ramp places body in position for g to apply a T to initiate a back sommie

8. Altering k : radius of gyration page 511 FIG 15.13 a tight tuck e layout

9. Altering k - radius of gyration  TABLE 15.1 on page 510 - read across from left to right  Example from Table 15.1:  moving from position a to position e  diminishes by almost 75  [from 1.00 to 0.28]

10. Manipulating Rotations in Sport FIG 15.14

11. Manipulating Rotations in Sport FIG 15.16

12. Manipulating Rotations in Sport page 515 FIG 15.17

13. Gymnastics Tumbling Skills Less Skilled Highly Skilled low v vert due to:  power +  takeoff   less air time low  due to:  power +  I @ takeoff larger k in flight high v vert due to:  power +  takeoff   more air time high  due to:  power +  I @ takeoff smaller k in flight