1. Basic Cell Structure

2. Cells Basic building blocks of life Understanding of cell structure is critical to the study of biotechnology

3. Cell Smallest living unit of an organism Grow, reproduce, use energy, adapt, respond to their environment

4. Cell Many cannot be seen with the naked eye A cell may be an entire organism or it may be one of billions of cells that make up the organism

5. Cells Divided and classified in many ways One common classification method is the presence or absence of a cell necleus

6. Nucleus Relatively large structure with a cell Directs cell activities Some simple single celled organisms lack a nucleus

7. Common structures Organelles – smaller parts of the cell with specific funtions Cell membrane – acts as a gatekeeper

8. Cell membrane Controls what enters and leaves the cell Plants, algae and bacteria typically have a tough outer structure known as a cell wall

9. Cell wall Provides additional structure and protects the cell from pressure caused by movement of water Animal cells do not have walls

10. Cytoplasm Organelles are surrounded by a jelly like substance Primary component is water

11. Nucleus Largest and most identifiable part of the cell

12. Other organelles Ribosomes Mitochondria Golgi bodies Endoplasmic reticulum

13. Other organelles Lysosomes Vacuoles Chloroplasts in plants

14. Nucleus Brain of the cell Site of much of the manipulation done in biotechnology

15. Nucleus Controls activity of the cell Round or oval structure Typically found in the middle of the cell Appears darker than surrounding material

16. Nucleus Surrounded by a membrane that controls passage of materials in and out of the area

17. Nucleus Contains DNA DNA is located on chromosomes Most organisms are diploid – have tow chromosomes for each trait

18. Diploid Humans – 23 pair Goldfish – 90 chrms, 45 pair

19. Cytoplasmic Organelles Organelles are required for proper cell function Ribosome – make proteins for cellular use and communication May be attached to endoplasmic reticulum

20. Endoplasmic reticulum Layered membraneous Make and transport proteins

21. Vacuole Large organelle, without specific shape Store waste or raw materials used in synthesis of proteins

22. Golgi Bodies Golgi apparatus Similar to endo. Ret. Look like a thick elastic band that has been folded several times

23. Golgi Bodies Adds modifications to unfinished proteins Makes lysosomes

24. Lysosome Small round Store enzymes that break down food into chemical compounds Destroy cell organelles and the cell itself

25. Mitochondria Energy factories Rod shaped Change food into molecules that can be used for energy

26. Mitochondria Contain DNA Can replicate themselves

27. Chlorplast Found in plants and some other organisms Contain chlorophyll

28. Cellular processes Respiration Osmosis Diffusion Photosynthesis

29. Respiration Cells break down carbohydrates and other molecules to produce energy Oxidation of glucose is one of most common forms

30. Respiration Breaking down of sugar into water, carbon dioxide, and energy Energy is used to do the work of the cell

31. Osmosis & Diffusion Transport of raw materials, wastes, and synthesized materials out of the cell

32. Diffusion Movement of molecules, especially gases and liquids from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

33. Osmosis Specific type of diffusion Movement of water through a membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

34. Equilibrium Diffusion and osmosis happen to enable a cell to reach equilibrium

35. Cellular reproduction Three ways Fission Mitosis Meiosis

36. Fission Prokaryotes Cell grows larger and makes a second copy of its DNA At some point the cell membrane divides the cell by the growth of a transverse septum

37. Fission Two new cells are formed as the division grows inward from either side of the cell Two cells now called “daughter cells” Sometimes known as “binary fission”

38. Mitosis Eukaryotes Requires 6 stages Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

39. Mitosis Creates cells that are identical to the original cell. Have the entire compliment of chromosomes existing in pairs - diploid

40. Meiosis Division of sex cells Stages of Meiosis I: Interphase I, prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis I

41. Meiosis Meiosis II Interphase II, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis II

42. Meiosis Each cell receives one chromosome from each pair randomly Resulting cells have half the normal number of Chromosomes - haploid