1. The functions of the organism are divided up among its parts (organs and organ systems). All the parts cooperate to carry out all the functions of the whole organism. 1.Some activities cannot be performed by only one person, but need a team of people. What type of activity requires a team of people to work together in order to complete a task? Answers might include building a human pyramid or constructing an arch out of blocks. 2. What do you think are some characteristics of a successful team? Divide up jobs and cooperate well with one another. 3. How is a multicellular organism similar to a successful team?

2. Chapter 7-2 & 7-3 Cell Structure and Function Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved Nucleolus Nucleus Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Cell Membrane Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Centrioles

3. Go to Section: 7–2 Cell Structure I. Animal cells A.Cell Membrane B. Nucleus C. Cytoskeleton D. Centrioles E. Mitochondria F. Endoplasmic Reticulum G. Ribosomes H. Golgi Apparatus F.Lysosomes II. Plant cells A. Cell wall B. Vacuoles C.Chloroplasts III. Bacteria Section 7-2 Section Outline

4. Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is... made of MOLECULES _______  ___________  ___________ ATOMS MOLECULESORGANELLES

5. 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells CELL THEORY CELL SIZE ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________ Cells life existing PLANTANIMAL BACTERIA

6. CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

7. LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

8. Oil and water don’t mix! Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif

9. PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Image from: http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch112/lipids/micbilayer.gif SEE HOW MEMBRANES FORM

10. CELL MEMBRANE Proteins that stick on the surface = _____________ (either inside or outside of cell) Proteins that stick INTO membrane = ________________ (can go part way in or all the way through) PERIPHERAL INTEGRAL

11. Recognize “self” GLYCOPROTEINS GLYCOPROTEINS are PROTEINS with carbohydrates attached Image from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm

12. 1.What are some things that can pass through a window screen? Answers may include air, fine dust, and rainwater. 2.What are some things that cannot pass through a window screen? Why is it important to keep these things from moving through the screen? Insects, leaves, and other matter that may fall from trees. The screen keeps out annoying insects and objects that may bring dirt into the home. 3. The cell is surrounded by a cell membrane, which regulates what enters and leaves the cell. Why is it important to regulate what moves into and out of a cell? Materials such as oxygen and food that are needed by the cell have to be able to get inside the cell. At the same time, excess materials have to leave the cell.

13. WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

14. Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing Click here to See Fluidity Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif

15. CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm Organelles suspended in gel-like goo

16. CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________ Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through) OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS (proteins with ___________attached) STEROIDS (lipids) Membranes are ____________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane “recognize self” phospholipids proteins BILAYERout in Peripheral Integral sugars SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE cytoplasm

17. NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

18. NUCLEUS Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_11.GIF

19. NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

20. WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells

21. WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

22. NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ Makes RNA for ribosomes Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg NUCLEOLUS

23. NUCLEUS NUCLEOLUS Surrounded by ______________ MEMBRANE called the NUCLEAR __________________  ___________ CENTER OF CELL  Nuclear ___________ allow molecules in & out  CONTAINS GENETIC MATERIAL (_______)  Dark spot = NUCLEOLUS makes ___________________ (RNA) DNA is scrunched up as ______________ in dividing cells. DNA is spread out as ________________ in non-dividing cells. ENVELOPE PORES CONTROL DNA RIBOSOMES CHROMOSOMES CHROMATIN DOUBLE

24. CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Help move organelles around Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

25. CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS called ______________ & _________________ FUNCTION: _________________________ ___________________________________ MICROTUBULES MICROFILAMENTS Helps cell maintain shape; Support; Helps in movement

26. CENTRIOLES Appear during cell division to pull chromosomes apart

27. CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

28. CENTRIOLES MICROTUBULES ANIMAL Made of __________________________ Only seen in _______________ cells during cell division Function:__________________________________ Pull chromosomes apart;

29. MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

30. MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe Has its own DNA

31. MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

32. WHAT DOES IT DO? Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP “Powerplant of cell” Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html Image by: Riedell

33. MITOCHONDRION (pl. MITOCHONDRIA) Surrounded by _____________ membrane Contains its own ___________ _______________ of cell Burns ____________ Stores energy released as ______ Folded inner membrane = _________________ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions) DOUBLE DNA Power plant GLUCOSE ATP CRISTAE

34. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Network of hollow membrane tubules Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

35. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/er.html

36. ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

37. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG

38. SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

39. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ROUGH ER SMOOTH ER (with ribosomes) (no ribosomes) Internal Network of membranes Rough ER: Attached ribosomes make _________________ which are modified and transported to Golgi for export Smooth ER: Makes membrane lipids(__________________) Regulates ________________ in muscles Breaks down _________________ in liver PROTEINS STEROIDS CALCIUM TOXINS

40. RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg  Image by: RIedell

41. RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

42. RIBOSOMES Can be _________ or ___________ to Rough ER MADE OF ______________ & ________ FUNCTION: _____________________ FREE ATTACHED PROTEINS RNA MAKE PROTEINS

43. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu

44. Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

45. GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Looks like a “______________________” Made of ______________________ FUNCTION: Modify, sort, & package substances from ER for ______________ or _______________ out of cell stack of pancakes membranes export storage

46. It’s ALL connected!

47. LYSOSOMES Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

48. LYSOSOMES Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html See lysosomes in actionin action:

49. LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

50. http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg “PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells

51. Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

52. LYSOSOMES Sac containing _________________________ FUNCTION: Digests __________________________________ Plays a role in ____________“Programmed cell death” Cell suicide for the good of the organism Digestive enzymes food molecules & unwanted cells/cell parts; APOPTOSIS

53. FLAGELLA & CILIA Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Image from: http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

54. FLAGELLA Help in cell movement

55. CILIA Move cell itself Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

56. CILIA Move substances past cells http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

57. CILIA Many short FLAGELLA Few Long WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE? Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

58. CILIA & FLAGELLA Made of PROTEINS called _______________ organized in a _________ arrangement that help with ___________________ CILIA ________ & __________ FUNCTION: ______________________ FLAGELLA ______ & ________ FUNCTION: _________________ MICROTUBULES 9 + 2 MOVEMENT MANY SHORT Move cells; move substances past cells FEW LONG Move cells

59. WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

60. CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly _____________ CELLULOSE http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.windows.ucar.edu/kids_space/images/brick_wall.jpg

61. CELL WALL Found OUTSIDE the ____________________ Provides ____________ & ________________ ___________________ makes plant cells sturdy Bacteria have cell walls made of _______________ Cell membrane SUPPORT PROTECTION CELLULOSE PEPTIDOGLYCAN

62. VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif

63. VACUOLES Storage space for WATER, salts, proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, and waste Vacuoles SMALL in ANIMAL CELLS NO VACUOLES IN BACTERIA Image from: http://www.metoliusfriends.org/csca/images/tupperware.jpg

64. Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) 1 http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

65. VACUOLES Storage space for: _______________ Proteins, carbohydrates, water, waste Huge in __________cells, small in _____________ cells, Not in _________________ plant animal bacteria

66. CHLOROPLASTS Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg http://www.seorf.ohiou.edu/~tstork/compass.rose/photosynthesis/chloro_sun_bathing.gif

67. CHLOROPLASTS Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Contains own DNA http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/04/HTML/source/04-17-chloroplast-nl.htm Thylakoid membrane sacs contain enzymes for photosynthesis

68. CHLOROPLAST Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS PHOTOSYNTHESIS DOUBLE DNA THYLAKOIDS PLANT

69. Go to Section: Plant Cell Nuclear envelope Ribosome (attached) Ribosome (free) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Nucleus Rough endoplasmic reticulum Nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondrion Cell wall Cell Membrane Chloroplast Vacuole Section 7-2 Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

70. WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

71. BACTERIA have a CELL WALL BUT… IT’S MADE OF DIFFERENT MOLECULES than plant cell walls! _______________ NOT CELLULOSE! Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/procaryotes/images/procaryote.jpg PEPTIDOGLYCAN

72. WHICH IS BIGGER? _________ > _____________ > ___________ Plant cellAnimal cell bacteria

73. DIFFERENCES IN ANIMAL CELLS, PLANT CELLS, AND BACTERIA ANIMAL CELLPLANT CELLBACTERIA Eukaryotes Prokaryotes Cell membrane Nuclear membrane NO nuclear membrane NO cell wallCell wall made of CELLULOSE Cell wall made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN Has ribosomes DNA in multiple chromosomes DNA is a single circular strand (ring) CYTOSKELETON Small vacuolesReally big vacuoleNO vacuoles Has lysosomes NO lysosomes Has centriolesNO centrioles NO chloroplastsChloroplastsNO chloroplasts SMALLERSMALLSMALLEST

74. BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes

75. USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON