1. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming1 Files

2. Outline Introduction File Declaration and Initialization Creating and Opening File Closing File EOF Reading from and Writing into a File Extra : Random Access Files UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming2

3. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming3 Introduction Almost all programs developed before, are interactive. In interactive environment, input is entered via keyboard and output is via screen or monitor. This type of processing is not suitable if it involves huge amount of input or output to be entered or displayed on the screen at one time. Therefore, file processing can solve the problem mentioned.

4. Storage of data in variables and arrays is temporary – all data are lost when a program terminates. Files are used for permanent retention of large amounts of data. A file is a group of related records. * record – is a group of related fields. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming4

5. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming5 File Declaration  To implement file processing in C, it is advisable to include #include in your program.  To use file for input and output, a file pointer variable has to be declared. FILE *in_file; => in_file is a pointer to a FILE structure FILE *out_file; => out_file is a pointer to a FILE structure  in_file and out_file are also known as internal file names.

6. File Initialization File pointer initialization has the following format : internal_filename =fopen(external_filename, mode); For example, to declare and initialize the file pointer variables in_file and out_file : FILE *in_file; FILE *out_file; in_file = fopen (“c:data.txt”, “r”); out_file = fopen (“c:results.txt”, “w”); internal file nameexternal file name 6 mode

7. 7 Opening File and fopen function Format: internal_filename =fopen(external_filename, mode); Each file must be opened before it can be accessed or processed. When opening a file, external file name needs to be related to the internal file name using fopen function. fopen is the stdio library function used to open or create a file. Internal file name is the name that the C system uses to identify a file among others that a program might process. External file name is the name given at “save file as” outside the program e.g. “student.dat”, “records.out”, “data.txt”, etc. Mode is to indicate the process to be made onto a file.

8. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming8 File Modes Basics mode are: “r” : open file to read “w” : open file to write “a” : append data to the end of an already existing file “r+” : open and create file for update, i.e. read and write, does not overwrite previous contents “w+” : open and create file for update, overwrite “a+” : append, open or create file for update

9. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming9 File Opening Verification There is a possibility of a file fails to open. Could be the particular file does not exist. Therefore, need to check or verify whether the file is successfully opened. If file fails to open, need to stop the program, use exit(-1). A file pointer whose value equals to NULL(empty or ‘0’) is called a null pointer. if (in_file == NULL) {printf(“\nFile fails to open\n”); exit(-1); }

10. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming10 File Opening Verification You can also combine file initialization and file opening verification, using statement: if ((in_file = fopen(“student.dat”, “r”)) == NULL) { printf(“\nFile fails to open\n”); exit(-1); } * NULL = empty or ‘0’

11. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming11 Closing File and fclose function Each opened file needs to be closed. Format: fclose(internal_filename); Examples: fclose(in_file); fclose(out_file);

12. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming12 End-of-File (EOF) and feof function Usually you don’t know how many data you want to read from file. Therefore, need to check whether you have reached end of file. End-of-file (EOF) character marks the end of the entire file. Function feof is used to detect EOF. Format: feof(internal_filename)

13. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming13 Example for EOF and feof function FILE *in_file; in_file = fopen(“student.dat”, “r”); if(in_file == NULL) { printf(“Error opening file\n”); exit(-1); } while(!feof(in_file)) { //statements to process data } fclose(in_file);

14. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming14 Reading Data from a Text File Format: fscanf (internal file name, format control string, input list); fscanf(in_file, “%d”, &iMarks); fgetc (internal file name); cCh = fgetc(in_file); ▪ fgets (string variable, size, internal file name); fgets(acName, 10, in_file);

15. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming15 Writing Data to a Text File Format:  f printf (internal file name, format control string, output list); fprintf(out_file, “%d”, iMarks);  fputc (character expression, internal file name); fputc(cCh, out_file); fputc(“4”, out_file);  fputs (string expression, internal file name); fputs(acName, out_file); fputs(“Jane”, out_file);

16. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming16 Sample Program #include int main(void) { FILE *in_file; FILE *out_file; int iMarks, iTotal = 0, iCount = 0; float fAvg; in_file = fopen("student.dat", "r"); out_file= fopen("student.out", "w"); if(in_file == NULL) { printf("Error opening file\n"); exit(-1); } while(!feof(in_file)) { fscanf(in_file,"%d",&iMarks); ++iCount; iTotal = iTotal + iMarks; fprintf(out_file, " %d ",iMarks); } fAvg = iTotal /iCount; fprintf(out_file, "\n%.2f\n", fAvg); fclose(in_file); fclose(out_file); return 0; }

17. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming17 Sample Input File and Output File 50 60 70 80 90 44 55 66 77 88 24 56 79 50 77 student.dat 50 60 70 80 90 44 55 66 77 88 24 56 79 50 77 64.00 student.out Input file name Data in input file Output file name Display data in output file

18. UniMAP SemI-11/12EKT120: Computer Programming18 Extra sample program #include #define item 3 int main(void) { //FILE *in_file; FILE *out_file; int iMarks, iTotal = 0, iCount = 0; float fAvg; //in_file = fopen("student.dat", "r"); out_file= fopen("student.out", "w"); // if(in_file == NULL) // { // printf("Error opening file\n"); //exit(-1); // } //while(!feof(in_file)) for(i=0;i<item;i++) {// fscanf(in_file,"%d",&iMarks); printf(“Enter marks: “); scanf(“%d”, &iMarks); //++iCount; iTotal = iTotal + iMarks; fprintf(out_file, " %d ",iMarks); } fAvg = iTotal /item; fprintf(out_file, "\n%.2f\n", fAvg); // fclose(in_file); fclose(out_file); return 0; }

19. Random Access Files In sequential access file, records in a file created with the formatted output function fprintf are not necessarily the same length. Individual records of a random access file are normally fixed in length. This record can be accessed directly without searching through other records. Thus, file searching process will be faster. Random access is suitable to be used in large database systems such as in airline reservation systems, banking systems and other kind of transaction processing systems. UniMAP SemI-11/1219EKT120: Computer Programming

20. Random Access File Because every record in randomly access file normally fixed in length, data can be inserted in random access file without destroying other data. Data stored previously can also be updated or deleted without rewriting the entire file. UniMAP SemI-11/1220EKT120: Computer Programming

21. Creating a Randomly Accessed File Function fwrite is used to transfer a specified numbers of byte beginning at a specified location in memory into a file. The data is written beginning at the location in the file indicated by the file position pointer. Function fread transfers a specified number of bytes from the file specified by the file position to an area in memory with a specified address. UniMAP SemI-11/1221EKT120: Computer Programming

22. Creating a Randomly Accessed File When writing an integer, instead of using fprintf(fPtr, “%d”, iNumber); which could print as few as 1 digit or as many as 11 digits, we can use fwrite(&iNumber, sizeof(int), 1, fPtr); which always writes 4 bytes from variable iNumber to the file represented by fPtr. UniMAP SemI-11/1222EKT120: Computer Programming

23. Creating a Randomly Accessed File fread is used to read 4 bytes integer into variable number. The fread and fwrite functions are capable of reading and writing arrays of data to and from a disk. The third argument in the fread and fwrite is the number of element in array that should be read from disk or written to disk. The preceding fwrite function call, writes a single integer to disk, so third argument is 1. File processing program rarely writes a single field to a file. Normally, we write one struct at a time. UniMAP SemI-11/1223EKT120: Computer Programming

24. Creating a Randomly Accessed File – Example #include struct clientData { int iAcctNum; char acLastName[15]; char acFirstName[15]; float fBalance; }; int main() { int iIndex; struct clientData sBlankClient = {0, “ “, “ “, 0.0}; FILE *cfPtr; if((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “w”)) = = NULL) printf(“file cant be open”); else{ for (iIndex= 1; iIndex<=100; iIndex++) fwrite(&sBlankClient, sizeof(struct ClientData), 1, cfPtr); fclose(cfPtr); } return 0; } This program shows how to open a randomly access file, define a record format using structure, write a data to disk, and close the file. This program initializes all 100 records of a file “credit.txt” with empty struct using function fwrite 24

25. Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File #include struct clientData { int iAcctNum; char acLastName[15]; char acFirstName[15]; float bBalance; }; int main () { FILE *cfPtr; struct clientData sClient; if ((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “r+”))==NULL) printf(“file cant be open”); else { print(“Enter account number(0 to end input): ”); scanf(“%d”, &sClient.iAcctNum); while (sClient.iAcctNum != 0) { printf(“Enter lastname, firstname, balance”); scanf(“%s %s %f, &sClient.acLastName, &sClient.acFirstName, &sClient.fBalance); fseek(cfPtr, (sClient.iAcctNum – 1) * sizeof(struct clientData), SEEK_SET); fwrite(&sClient, sizeof(struct clientData), 1, cfPtr); printf(“Enter account number”); scanf(“%d”, &sClient.iAcctNum); } //end of while statements } //end of else statements fclose(cfPtr); return 0; } //end of main 25

26. Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File Output: Enter account number (0 to end) ? 29 Enter lastname, firstname, balance ?Brown Nancy -24.54 Enter account number (0 to end) ? 30 Enter lastname, firstname, balance ?Dunn Stacy 314.33 Enter account number (0 to end) ? 31 Enter lastname, firstname, balance ?Barker Doug 0.00 Enter account number (0 to end) ? 0 UniMAP SemI-11/1226EKT120: Computer Programming

27. Writing Data Randomly to a Randomly Accessed File The statement fseek(cfPtr,(sClient.iAcctNum–1) *sizeof(struct clientData),SEEK_SET); positions the file position pointer for the file reference by cfPtr to the byte location calculated by (iAccountNum-1)*sizeof(struct clientData); Because of the account number is between 1 to 100 but the byte positioning starts from 0, the account number needs to be subtracted with 1 (minus 1). UniMAP SemI-11/1227EKT120: Computer Programming

28. Reading Data Randomly from a Randomly Accessed File #include struct clientData { int iAcctNum; char acLastName[15]; char acFirstName[15]; float fBalance; }; int main () { FILE *cfPtr; struct clientData sClient; if((cfPtr = fopen(“credit.txt”, “r”)) = = NULL) printf(“file cant be open”); else{ printf(“%-6s%-16s%-11s%10s\n”, “Acct”, “Last Name”, “ First Name”, “Balance”); while (!feof(cfPtr)) { fread(&sClient, sizeof(struct clientData), 1, cfPtr); if (sClient.iAcctNum != 0) printf(“(“%-6s%-16s%-11s%10.2f\n”,”sClient.iAcctNum, sClient.acLastName, sClient.acFirstName, sClient.fBalance); }} fclose (cfPtr); return 0; } 28

29. Reading Data Randomly from a Randomly Accessed File Output: AcctLast NameFirst NameBalance 29 BrownNancy-24.54 30DunnStacey314.33 31BarkerDoug0.00 fread(&sClient, sizeof(struct clientData), 1, cfPtr); Reads the number of bytes determined by sizeof(struct clientData) from the file reference by cfPtr and stores the data in the structure sClient. UniMAP SemI-11/1229EKT120: Computer Programming

30. THANK YOU UniMAP SemI-11/1230EKT120: Computer Programming