1. Chapter 9 Early Middle Ages Feudal Europe

2. Law codes Justinian codification of Roman law resulted in The Body of Civil Law. Also, during this time a book called the Domesday Book established the first census since Roman times.

3. Code of Hammurabi????? Under early Germanic law, a wrongdoer had to pay wergild, or “money for a man,” to the family of the person he injured or killed.

4. Under Germanic law, if an accused person was unharmed after a physical trial, or ordeal, he or she was presumed innocent.

5. The Vikings were made part of European civilization by the Frankish policy of settling them and converting them to Christianity.

6. Charlemagne Charlemagne established the missi dominici, who were two men who were sent out to local districts to ensure that the counts were carrying out the king’s orders.

7. The Carolingian Renaissance was a revival of learning and culture.

9. Although women in feudal Europe could legally hold property, most women remained under the control of their fathers until they were married, and their husbands after marriage.

10. Still, aristocratic women had many opportunities to play important roles.

11. Because the lord was often away at war or court, the lady of the castle had to manage the estate.

12. Households could include large numbers of officials and servants, so this was no small responsibility.

13. Care of the financial accounts alone took considerable knowledge.

14. The lady of the castle was also responsible for overseeing the food supply and maintaining all the other supplies needed for the smooth operation of the household.

15. Knights Chivalry was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold.

16. In addition to their oath to defend the Catholic Church and defenseless people, knights were expected to treat captives as honored guests instead of putting them in dungeons.

17. Chivalry also implied that knights should fight only for glory and not for material rewards. An ideal that was not always followed.

18. The most important gift a lord could give to a vassal was a piece of land.

19. At the heart of feudalism was vassalage, which meant warriors swore loyalty to a lord, who in turn took care of their needs.

21. Feudal framework

22. Pawns (8) --- Represent the Serfs of Feudalism ---Place on the Row Ahead of the Nobility ---May Move 2 Spaces Straight Ahead on First Move ---Every Move There After Must Only Be 1 Space ---May Only Take Pieces By Going Diagonally 1 Space Rooks (2) --- Represent the Workers of the Castle ---Place on 2 Back Corners of Nobility Line ---May Move Unlimited Vertically or Horizontally  ---May Not Jump Pieces Knights (2) --- Represent the Knights of Chivalry ---Place on the Back Row Inside of the Rooks ---May Move in an “L” Shape ---Any Combination of 2 and 1 Forwards or Backwards ---May Jump Over Pieces Bishops (2) --- Represent the Church ---Place on the Back Row Inside of the Knights ---May Move Diagonally Unlimited ---May Not Jump Pieces ---Each Bishop Must Stay on Its Color Throughout Queen (1) --- Represents the Lady of the Kingdom ---May Move Unlimited in Any Direction ---May Not Jump Pieces ---Starts on Her Color King (1) --- Represents the Head of the Kingdom ---May Move Any Direction 1 Space ---Must Be Protected or Moved If Put in Check

23. In 1066, William of Normandy invaded England, soundly defeating King Harold’s forces at the Battle of Hastings. Battle of Hastings.

24. bayeux-tapestry

25. Magna Carta The Magna Carta (1215) was a document that eventually was used to strengthen the idea that a monarch’s power was limited, not absolute.

26. Religion Gregory I, also known as Gregory the Great, strengthened the power of the papacy and the Roman Catholic Church.

27. Saint Benedict founded a community of monks that established the basic form of monasticism in the Catholic Church.

29. Late (fourth) Crusade Pope Innocent III initiated the Fourth Crusade.

30. The Venetian leaders of the Fourth Crusade saw an opportunity to neutralize the Byzantine Empire and diverted their army to Constantinople.

31. Saladin led the Muslim forces to retake Jerusalem from the crusaders.