3. By the end of this session, you’ll be able to:  Identify the various dosage forms  Enumerate the different routes of drug administration  Explain the advantages and a disadvantages of each form.

4. Drug Dosage Forms Definition Different routes Of administration Advantages & Disadvantages Clinical Application

5. Definition Dosage Forms: It is the pharmaceutical preparation in which the drug is administered to the patient.

6. Classification of Classification of Drug Forms Enteral Parenteral Inhalation Topical

7. Enteral dosage forms liquids solid liquids solid Through GIT: OralSublingualRectalOralOral

8. Liquid preparations 1-aqueous:1-Solution2-Syrup3-Emulsion4-Suspension5-Mixture4-Decoction6-Infusion

9. 2-alcoholic1-Tincture2-SpiritsAdvantages: convenient, economical, & safe.

10. FIRST PASS EFFECT

11. Disadvantages: Not suitable in 1-unconscious. 2-excessive vomiting. 3-emergencies. 4-drugs destroyed by digestive enzymes,or gastric acidity benzyl penicillin. 5-drugs irritant to GIT. 6-drugs not absorbed from GIT. 7-drugs with very extensive first pass metabolism..

12. Solid preparations 1-Tablets:Simple.Compressed Sugar coated Enteric coated Sustained release EffervescentSublingual.

13. 2 - Capsules: Hard Gelatin Soft Gelatin Enteric coated Sustained release. 3 - Powder In packets or in bulk. 4 - Effervescent granules In packets or in bulk.

14. 1- Rapid 2- No first pass 3- Effect can be terminated 4- Avoid GI T enzymes. SublingualSublingual

15. SuppositoryAdvantages: 1-Escape first pass 2-Avoid digestive enzymes. 3-Avoid gastric irritation. 4-Large volume of fluids. RectalRectal Enema

16. Ampoules.VialsBottles. Must be sterile and pyrogen free. Parenteral I njections Subcutaneous I mplantsInjectionsInjections

17. `

20. Means for parenteral 1-I ntravenous(IV): Adv.:Rapid Large volume of fluids Escape first pass metabolism. Disadv: 1-Undesirable reactions due to rapid high concentration. 2-Not suitable for oily preparations 3-Venous thrombosis

21. 2- Intra-muscular (IM): For aqueous or oily preparations 3-Subcutaneous(SC): Non irritant drugs (aqueous). 4-Intrathecal 5- Intracardiac 6- Intra-arterial 7- Intra-articular 8- Intra-peritoneal 9-Bone Marrow

22. Pellet implanted under skin to allow release of the drug over several weeks or months. Subcutaneous Implantations

23.  Gas  Volatile liquids  Solution administered as AEROSOL ( Nebulizer ).  Finely micronized powder “ Spinhaler ” InhalationInhalation

24. For Local For Systemic Effect Effect Skin Mouth Ear Eye Vagina Nose TopicalTopical

25. Transdermal Delivery Patches For systemic effects  Advantages: Prolonged blood levels No 1 st pass effect.

26. The ROA is determined by the physical characteristics of the drug, the speed which the drug is absorbed and/ or released, as well as the need to bypass hepatic metabolism and achieve high conc. at particular sites The ROA is determined by the physical characteristics of the drug, the speed which the drug is absorbed and/ or released, as well as the need to bypass hepatic metabolism and achieve high conc. at particular sites

27. No single method of drug administration is ideal for all drugs in all circumstances