1. Understandings, Applications and Skills StatementGuidance C.3.U1Introduced alien species can escape into local ecosystems and become invasive. C.3.U2Competitive exclusion and the absence of predators can lead to reduction in the numbers of endemic species when alien species become invasive. C.3.U3Pollutants become concentrated in the tissues of organisms at higher trophic levels by biomagnification. C.3.U4Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. C.3.A1Study of the introduction of cane toads in Australia and one other local example of the introduction of an alien species. C.3.A2Discussion of the trade-off between control of the malarial parasite and DDT pollution. C.3.A3Case study of the impact of marine plastic debris on Laysan albatrosses and one other named species. C.3.S1Analysis of data illustrating the causes and consequences of biomagnification. C.3.S2Evaluation of eradication programmes and biological control as measures to reduce the impact of alien species.

2. C.3.A3 Case study of the impact of marine plastic debris on Laysan albatrosses and one other named species. http://youtu.be/-M9t2fm__K0 Watch the video to learn about the impact of plastics on Laysan albatrosses “Many birds accidentally eat plastic and other marine debris floating in the ocean, mistaking it for food. But the problem is intensified in Laysan albatrosses because of the way they catch fish, squid and other seafood: by skimming the surface of the water with their beak. Along the way, they accidentally pick up a lot of floating plastic, which they then feed to their chicks. Adults can regurgitate plastic they’ve swallowed, but chicks are unable to, so it fills up their stomachs.” “The effects of plastic on the chicks hasn't been scientifically proven. It’s probable that it injures or kills the birds by cutting their stomachs or taking up space, making them feel “full” when they are starving.” http://ocean.si.edu/slideshow/laysan- albatrosses%E2%80%99-plastic-problem

3. C.3.U4 Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. http://projectoceanus.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/garbage-patch.jpg?w=625&h=326 Plastic is a broad term that describes a number of different polymers Plastic debris < 1mm is defined as Microplastic < 1mm. It is harder to see but it is estimated to account for 65% of all ocean debris large visible plastic debris > 1mm (e.g. bottles, nets, bags, buoys) is defined as Macroplastic Sources include: plastic bottles and bags detergent containers food wrapping synthetic clothes (fibres released after every wash) Majority of debris is litter blown or disposed of into water systems Ocean currents concentrate plastic debris in large circular currents called gyres. Most plastics are not biodegradable and may persist for centuries.

4. C.3.U4 Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. http://projectoceanus.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/garbage-patch.jpg?w=625&h=326 Poisons – some plastics contain toxic chemicals Both macroplastic and microplastic debris are ingested by many marine organisms, which mistake debris for food. Suffocation – if inhaled or wrapped around the throat Blocks the intestine/stomach (animals ceases feeding, this leads to starvation) accumulates in cells enters the food chain (biomagnification)

5. C.3.A3 Case study of the impact of marine plastic debris on Laysan albatrosses and one other named species. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/08/spain-sperm-whale-death-swallowed-plastic

6. C.3.U4 Macroplastic and microplastic debris has accumulated in marine environments. What can you do? http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/conservation/research/laysan- albatross-and-plastics Watch a beach clean ups in Tromso (Norway) http://youtu.be/xzklQprO59g Advice from Monterey Bay Aquarium Watch what The Ocean Clean Up does http://youtu.be/6IjaZ2g-21E

7. Bibliography / Acknowledgments Jason de Nys