1. CARBOOCEAN Marine carbon sources and sinks assessment ”Integrated Project”, European Commission Contract no. 511176 GOCE

2. Basic CARBOOCEAN data:

3. CARBOOCEAN aims at: An accurate scientific assessment of the marine carbon sources and sinks within space and time. Focus on: The Atlantic and Southern Oceans and a time interval of -200 to +200 years from now.

4. Objectives of CARBOOCEAN IP Guiding the management of sustainable development CO 2 emmisions Objective 5: Prediction, future assessment Initial conditions Objective 1: Short-term assessment System dynamicsBoundary conditions Objective 3: Assessment of Regional European Contribution Objective 2: Long term assessment Objective 4: Assessment of feedbacks

5. 5 CORE THEMES: 1.North Atlantic and Southern Ocean CO 2 air-sea exchange on a seasonal-to-interannual scale. (Andy Watson) 2.Detection of decadal-to-centennial Atlantic and Southern Ocean carbon inventory changes. (Doug Wallace) 3.Carbon uptake and release at European regional scale. (Helmuth Thomas) 4.Biogeochemical feedbacks on the oceanic carbon sink. (Marion Gehlen) 5.Future scenarios for marine carbon sources and sinks. (Christoph Heinze) Data management ENDORSEMENTS: Dissemination Consortium management Training Demonstration 50 participating groups (partners, associated collaborators, 15 nations) 1 US contractor, 7 associated collaborators from US and Canada 1 Jan 2005 – 31 Dec 2009 14.5 million EUR from EU, at least 14.5 million EUR national co-funding Coordination: University of Bergen, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research

6. Examples for results so far:

7. The North Atlantic sink for anthropogenic carbon may weaken: Water column inventory of anthropogenic carbon for year 1994 (Sabine et al., 2004, Science) Change in CO 2 partial pressure in North Atlantic (Omar and Olsen, 2006, Geophysical Research Letters) atmosphere surface ocean

8. The North Atlantic sink for anthropogenic carbon may weaken:

9. CaCO 3 export production 1750 2004 2100 2250 Anthropogenic carbon makes the ocean less alkaline – first results on potential feedbacks and impacts: Heinze, 2004, GRL 190370700 Large scale mesocosm facilities, Espegrend, Bergen Ecosystem community structures? Effect on atmospheric pCO 2 ?

10. The total feedback of the ocean C cycle to climate change will not be negative: pCO 2 A slowing down of ocean circulation leads to: 1. A more efficient biological carbon pump. 2. A less efficient physical carbon pump. The small negative biological feedback is overridden by a reinforcing of the bottleneck for the physical carbon pump. [Heinze, unpublished as yet]

11. How much anthropogenic carbon is already in the ocean? Deep sections, data analysis, data synthesis, data rescue. C ant analysis methods. [LoMonaco et al., 2005] Model simulations:

12. The ocean: A very special environment for C!

13. CO 2 in the ocean dissociates ! CO 2 : HCO 3 - : CO 3 2- 1 : 100 : 10

14. The ocean carbon reservoir is large! after Holmén, in Jacobsen et al. (2000) !!!!

15. No boundaries for carbon in the ocean – it is 3-D! WHOI water column inventory [moles m -2 ] HAMOCC model

16. Challenges: Where will the C go in future? How to monitor this over time? How to minimize carbon hazards?

17. You find more on CARBOOCEAN here: http://www.carboocean.org