1. Kingdom Protista Chapter 19

2. General Characteristics of Protists: ALL Eukaryotes that cannot be classified as a plant, animal, or fungus. They have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles; some are autotrophic, some are heterotrophic; some are multicellular, most are unicellular.

3. They are classified by the way they OBTAIN NUTRITION.

4. Three kinds of protists Animal-like (consume food) Plant-like (make their own food) Fungus-like (decomposer)

5. 19.2 Animal-like Protists TEKS 11C, 12A KEY CONCEPT Animal-like protists are single-celled heterotrophs that can move.

6. Animal-like Protists Called Protozoans- meaning “first animals” Examples: –Zooflagellates –Sarcodines –Ciliates –Sporozoans

7. Protozoans these are “Animal-like” protists that consume their food (heterotrophs) Unicellular characterized by modes of locomotion (how they move) –Cilia –Flagella –Pseudopod

8. Zooflagellates Characteristics: move by flagella (one or two) Reproduction: mostly asexual by mitosis, some sexual reproduction- produce gametes that fuse Role/Function: –Mostly free swimming –Some are parasites –Trypanosoma causes African Sleeping Sickness, Giardia causes diarrhea –Termites have a zooflagellate living inside them that helps them digest wood Trichomonas

9. nucleus flagella Zooflagellates

10. Sarcodines Characteristics: move by pseudopods- extensions of cytoplasm Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: –free-swimming in aquatic environments –Amebic dysentery (diarrhea) Ameba proteus Pseudopod Nucleus

12. Ciliates Characteristics: –use cilia for movement and feeding –Have a macronucleus (active nucleus) and micronucleus (reserve copy) Reproduction: asexually by mitosis, can exchange material through conjugation (Figure 20-6 in book) Role/Function: free-living Paramecium

14. Ciliates Macronucleus Micronucleus Cilia

15. Sporozoans Characteristics: Do not move on their own Reproduction: complex reproduction with two phases- a sexual phase and asexual phase inside two different organisms! Role/Function: –Parasitic –Malaria is caused by the sporozoan Plasmodium

17. Nucleus Sporozoans

19. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C KEY CONCEPT Algae are plantlike protists.

20. Plant-like (Algae) Unicellular –Euglenophyta –Chrysophyta –Bacilliarophyta (Diatoms) –Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates) Multicellular –Rhodophyta –Phaeophyta –Chlorophyta

21. Unicellular Algae (describe their ecology/uses): – autotrophic, capture sunlight with chlorophyll and other accessory pigments to make food – base of many aquatic food chains Example: phytoplankton- floating photosynthetic organisms

22. Euglenophyta Characteristics: two flagella, no cell wall Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: –free-swimming –can absorb material for food- recycling sewage –can lead to algal blooms choking waters of nutrients

23. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Euglenoids are a large group of plantlike protists. pellicle nucleus chloroplast eye spot contractile vacuole flagellum – mostly photosynthetic – some heterotrophic – single-celled – one or two flagella

25. Euglenophyta Flagellum Nucleus Chloroplast

26. Chrysophyta Characteristics: –cell walls sometimes of pectin –Gold-colored chloroplasts Reproduction: asexually and sexually Role/Function: free-floating Known as “golden algae”

27. Diatoms Characteristics: secrete thin cell walls of silica (main component of glass) Reproduction: asexually and sexually Role/Function: –Free-floating, or –live in soil

28. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Diatoms are plantlike protists with glasslike shells. – shells made of silica – produce large amounts of oxygen

29. Pyrrophyta-Dinoflagellates Characteristics: have two flagella and thick cell wall Reproduction: asexually by mitosis Role/Function: responsible for red tides (algal bloom of dinoflagellates that secrete toxins that can cause illness paralysis, and death in fish and humans)

30. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Dinoflagellates are mostly marine plantlike protists. Dinoflagellates – have two flagella – may be bioluminescent – have stiff protective plates – can cause red tide

32. Dinoflagellates Nucleus Flagella

33. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Multicellular algae are classified by their pigments. – Green algae contain chlorophyll a and b. – Brown algae contain chlorophyll c. – Red algae contain chlorophyll a and phycoerythrin.

34. Multicellular Algae (describe their ecology/uses)- –Autotrophic –Multicellular –some have specialized tissue –seaweeds and kelp –used in foods such as sushi, ice cream, salad dressing, candy, etc.

35. Red Algae (Rhodophyta) Characteristics: contain pigments- Chlorophyll a and Phycobilins (red) Reproduction: sexually Role/Function: –Deeper sea, great at harvesting light –Help form coral reefs –Some used in foods and to make agar

37. Brown algae (Phaeophyta) Characteristics: contain pigments Chlorophyll a and c and Fucoxanthin (brown) Reproduction: sexually by mitosis and meiosis Role/Function: –Form large habitats in aquatic ecosystems –Used some in food

38. Green algae (Chlorophyta) Characteristics: –unicellular, colonial, or multicellular –chlorophyll a and b Reproduction: sexually by mitosis and meiosis like true plants Role/Function: some form symbiotic relationships with other organisms Spirogyra- multicellular Volvox- colonial Ulva- multicellular

39. 19.3 Plantlike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Some algae produce sexually. – Some species alternate generations. – Sexual reproduction can be triggered by environmental stress.

40. Kaikoura, New Zealand

43. 19.4 Funguslike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C KEY CONCEPT Funguslike protists decompose organic matter.

44. Fungus-like Slime Molds Water Molds

45. 19.4 Funguslike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Slime molds and water molds are funguslike protists. Slime molds have both funguslike and animallike traits. –decomposers, like fungi –can move, like animals

46. Fungus-like (describe their ecology/uses): –heterotrophic using external digestion to break down dead and decaying organic matter

47. Slime Molds Characteristics: –cellular or acellular (masses with several nuclei) –Unicellular but can gather and act multicellular Reproduction: sexually Role/Function: Forest floor or composting- recycle organic matter

48. 19.4 Funguslike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Slime molds can be plasmodial or cellular. – Plasmodial slime molds are giant cells with many nuclei. – Cellular slime molds contain independent cells.

49. Water Mold Characteristics: –also called oomycetes (O-O-my-sets) –Produce filaments called hyphae Reproduction: sexually and asexually Role/Function: –dead decaying matter in aquatic environments –some are plant parasites –attack tomatoes and potatoes

50. 19.4 Funguslike Protists TEKS 8B, 8C, 11C Water molds are freshwater, funguslike protists. – one type of water mold caused Great Potato Famine of Ireland in the 1800’s – made of branching strands of cells – can be parasites of plants or fish