1. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Individual Income Taxes 1 Chapter 3 Tax Formula and Tax Determination; An Overview of Property Transactions

2. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 2 Tax Formula FIGURE 3.1

3. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 3 Income -Broadly Conceived Includes all the taxpayer’s income, both taxable and nontaxable –Essentially equivalent to gross receipts It does not include a return of capital or receipt of borrowed funds

4. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4 Partial List of Exclusions from Gross Income Accident insurance proceeds Annuities (cost element) Bequests Child support payments Cost-of-living allowance (for military) Damages for personal injury or sickness Gifts received Group term life insurance, premium paid by employer (for coverage up to $50,000) Inheritances Interest from state and local (i.e., municipal) bonds Life insurance paid on death Meals and lodging (if furnished for employer’s convenience) Military allowances Minister’s dwelling rental value allowance Railroad retirement benefits (to a limited extent) Scholarship grants (to a limited extent) Social Security benefits (to a limited extent) Unemployment compensation (to a limited extent) Veterans’ benefits Welfare payments Workers’ compensation benefits Exhibit 3-1

5. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 5 Gross Income The Internal Revenue Code defines gross income broadly as ‘‘except as otherwise provided..., all income from whatever source derived’’ Gross income does not include unrealized gains

6. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 6 Partial List of Gross Income Items (slide 1 of 2) Alimony Annuities (income element) Awards Back pay Bargain purchase from employer Bonuses Breach of contract damages Business income Clergy fees Commissions Compensation for services Death benefits Debts forgiven Director’s fees Dividends Embezzled funds Employee awards (in certain cases) Employee benefits (except certain fringe benefits) Estate and trust income Farm income Fees Gains from illegal activities Gains from sale of property Gambling winnings Group term life insurance, premium paid by employer (for coverage over $50,000) Exhibit 3.2

7. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 7 Partial List of Gross Income Items (slide 2 of 2) Hobby income Interest Jury duty fees Living quarters, meals (unless furnished for employer’s convenience) Mileage allowance Military pay (unless combat pay) Notary fees Partnership income Pensions Prizes Professional fees Punitive damages Rents Rewards Royalties Salaries Severance pay Strike and lockout benefits Supplemental unemployment benefits Tips and gratuities Travel allowance (in certain cases) Treasure trove (found property) Wages Exhibit 3.2

8. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 8 Deductions - Individual Taxpayers Individual taxpayers have two categories of deductions: –Deductions for adjusted gross income (AGI) –Deductions from adjusted gross income

9. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 9 Deductions For AGI (slide 1 of 2) Sometimes known as above-the-line deductions –On the tax return, they are taken before the ‘‘line’’ designating AGI

10. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 10 Deductions For AGI (slide 2 of 2) Deductions for AGI include: –Ordinary and necessary expenses incurred in a trade or business –One-half of self-employment tax paid –Alimony paid –Certain payments to an IRA and Health Savings Accounts –Moving expenses –Fees for college tuition and related expenses –Interest on student loans –The capital loss deduction, and –Others

11. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 11 Adjusted Gross Income (AGI) AGI is an important subtotal –Serves as the basis for computing percentage limitations on certain itemized deductions such as Medical expenses Charitable contributions Certain casualty losses –e.g., Medical expenses are deductible only to the extent they exceed 7.5% of AGI This limitation might be described as a 7.5% “floor” under the medical expense deduction

12. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 12 Deductions From AGI (slide 1 of 3) Deductions from AGI include: –The greater of: Itemized deductions, or The standard deduction –Personal and dependency exemptions

13. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 13 Deductions From AGI (slide 2 of 3) A partial list of itemized deductions includes: –Medical expenses (in excess of 7.5% of AGI) –Certain taxes and interest –Charitable contributions –Casualty Losses (in excess of 10% of AGI) –Deductions for expenses related to The production or collection of income, and The management of property held for the production of income –Certain miscellaneous itemized deductions (in excess of 2% of AGI)

14. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 14 Deductions From AGI (slide 3 of 3) The standard deduction is the sum of two components: –Basic standard deduction Amount allowed is based on taxpayer’s filing status –Additional standard deductions Available for taxpayers who are –Age 65 or over, and/or –Blind Two additional standard deductions are allowed for a taxpayer who is age 65 or over and blind Amount allowed depends on filing status

15. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 15 Standard Deduction (slide 1 of 2) The basic standard deduction (BSD) amount depends on filing status of taxpayer Filing status 2009 2010. Single $5,700 $5,700 MFJ, SS 11,400 11,400 HH 8,350 8,350 MFS 5,700 5,700 TABLE 3.1

16. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 16 Standard Deduction (slide 2 of 2) Additional standard deduction (ASD) –For taxpayers age 65 or older and/or legally blind Filing Status 2009 2010. Single $1,400 $1,400 MFJ, SS 1,100 1,100 HH 1,400 1,400 MFS 1,100 1,100 TABLE 3.2

17. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 17 Determining Standard Deduction Examples (2010 tax year): –Taxpayer is single, blind, and age 65 or older SD = $5,700 (BSD) + $1,400 (ASD) + $1,400 (ASD) = $8,500 –Taxpayers are married, filing jointly, one blind, and both age 65 or older SD = $11,400 (BSD) + $1,100 (ASD) + $1,100 (ASD) + $1,100 (ASD) = $14,700

18. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 18 ARRTA of 2009 - Two New Standard Deductions (slide 1 of 2) ARRTA of 2009 provides two new, temporary, tax incentives to stimulate home ownership and the sale of autos –Provisions allow nonitemizers to deduct real property taxes and sales tax paid on purchase of autos as special standard deduction –Property taxes on a personal residence and sales taxes on a personal auto normally are deductions from AGI Thus, the standard deductions alternative is a tax windfall for taxpayers who do not itemize

19. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 19 ARRTA of 2009 - Two New Standard Deductions (slide 2 of 2) These new standard deductions are limited in duration (i.e., through 2009) –Congressional action to extend the provisions is to be expected if the current economic downturn continues

20. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 20 ARRTA of 2009 - Standard Deduction For Real Property Taxes Currently, this temporary standard deduction for real property taxes is available for 2008 and 2009 tax returns –The amount allowed is the lesser of The amount paid, or $500 ($1,000 on a joint return)

21. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 21 ARRTA of 2009 - Sales Tax Paid On The Purchase Of Autos This temporary standard deduction is available for auto sales tax paid on purchases that occur from Feb. 17 through Dec. 31, 2009 –Deduction cannot exceed tax on first $49,500 of purchase price –Deduction is phased-out when taxpayer’s AGI exceeds $125,000 ($250,000 on a joint return) –Purchased vehicle (e.g., cars, SUVs, light trucks, motorcycles) cannot exceed gross weight of 8,500 lbs. –Original use must commence with the taxpayer

22. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 22 Taxpayers Ineligible For Standard Deduction Certain taxpayers cannot use the SD: –Married, filing separately, when either spouse itemizes deductions –Nonresident aliens –Individual filing return for tax year of less than 12 months because of change in annual accounting period

23. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 23 SD Limit For Person Claimed as Dependent Individual claimed as dependent has a BSD in 2010 limited to the greater of: – $950 or – $300 plus earned income (but not exceeding normal BSD) ASD amount(s) still available

24. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 24 Examples of SD Limit (slide 1 of 2) Dependent’s SD (2010 tax year): –A blind child who earns $200 and is claimed by parents as a dependency exemption SD = $950 (BSD) + $1,400 (ASD) = $2,350 –A child who earns $1,500 and is claimed by parents as a dependency exemption SD = $1,800 [BSD equal to greater of $950 or ($300 + $1,500 earned income)]

25. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 25 Examples of SD Limit (slide 2 of 2) Examples of dependent’s SD (2010 tax year) –A child who earns $6,000 and is claimed by parents as a dependency exemption SD = $5,700 [BSD limited to normal amount]

26. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 26 Personal and Dependency Exemption Amounts Amounts –2009: $3,650 per exemption –2010: $3,650 per exemption Personal and dependency exemptions –One per taxpayer (two personal exemptions when married, filing jointly) and for each dependent Exception: Individual claimed as dependent by another taxpayer does not receive a personal exemption

27. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 27 Personal and Dependency Exemptions In Year Of Death Personal exemption allowed on joint return for spouse who dies during the year –Example: Tom and Betty were married in 1990. Tom dies on February 1, 2010. A personal exemption may be claimed for Tom on the taxpayers’ 2010 joint return.

28. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 28 Dependency Exemptions (slide 1 of 2) A dependency exemption is available for one who is either a qualifying child or a qualifying relative –A qualifying child must meet the following tests: Relationship Abode Age, and Support

29. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 29 Dependency Exemptions (slide 2 of 2) One objective of the Working Families Tax Relief Act of 2004 (WFTRA of 2004) –Establish a uniform definition of qualifying child for purposes of the: Dependency exemption Head-of-household filing status Earned income tax credit Child tax credit Credit for child and dependent care expenses

30. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 30 Relationship Test The child must be the taxpayer’s: –Son or daughter –Stepson or stepdaughter –Brother or sister –Stepbrother or stepsister –Half brother or half sister, or –A descendant of such individual (e.g., grandchildren, nephews, nieces) A child who has been adopted, or whose adoption is pending, qualifies A foster child may also qualify

31. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 31 Abode Test A qualifying child must live with the taxpayer for more than half of the year –Temporary absences from the household due to special circumstances (e.g., illness, education) are not considered

32. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 32 Age Test The child must be under age 19 or under age 24 in the case of a student –A student is a child who, during any part of five months of the year, is enrolled full time at a school or government-sponsored on-farm training course –Individuals who are disabled are not subject to the age test

33. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 33 Support To be a qualifying child, the individual must not be self-supporting –Cannot provide more than one-half of his or her own support –In the case of a full-time student, scholarships are not considered to be support

34. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 34 Tiebreaker Rules In situations where a child may be a qualifying child for more than one person –Tiebreaker rules specify which person has priority in claiming the dependency exemption Table 3.4

35. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 35 Qualifying Relative In order to claim a dependency exemption for a qualifying relative, the following tests must be met: –Relationship –Gross income –Support

36. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 36 Relationship Test The relationship test for a qualifying relative is more expansive than for a qualifying child. Also included are the following relatives: –Lineal ascendants (e.g., parents, grandparents) –Collateral ascendants (e.g., uncles, aunts) –Certain in-laws (e.g., son-, daughter-, father-, mother-, brother-, and sister-in-law) The relationship test also includes unrelated parties who live with the taxpayer

37. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 37 Gross Income Test Dependent’s gross income must be less than the exemption amount ($3,650 for 2010)

38. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 38 Support Test Taxpayer must provide more than 50% of the qualifying relative’s support –Only amounts expended are considered in the support test –Scholarships are not considered in the support test Two exceptions to the support test: –Multiple support agreements –Children of divorced parents

39. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 39 Multiple Support Agreements Allows one member of a group providing > 50% of support to claim individual even though no one person provides > 50% support –Eligible parties must provide > 10% of support –Each eligible party must meet all other dependency requirements Example - Allows children of elderly parent to claim exemption for parent when none individually meets the 50% support test

40. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 40 Children of Divorced Parents Special rules apply if the parents meet the following conditions: –They would have been entitled to the dependency exemption had they been married and filed a joint return –They have custody (either jointly or singly) of the child for more than half of the year Under the general rule, the parent having custody of the child for the greater part of the year (i.e., the custodial parent) is entitled to the dependency exemption –General rule does not apply if A multiple support agreement is in effect Custodial parent issues a waiver in favor of the noncustodial parent

41. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 41 Other Rules for Dependency Exemptions In addition to fitting into either the qualifying child or the qualifying relative category, a dependent must also meet: –The joint return, and –The citizenship or residency tests

42. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 42 Joint Return Test Dependent cannot file a joint return with spouse unless: –Filing solely for refund of tax withheld –No tax liability exists for either spouse –Neither spouse required to file return

43. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 43 Citizenship or Residency Test Dependent must be a U.S. citizen or a resident of U.S., Canada, or Mexico for some part of the calendar year in which the taxpayer’s tax year begins –An exception provides that an adopted child need not be a citizen or resident of the U.S. (or a contiguous country) as long as his or her principal abode is with a U.S. citizen

44. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 44 Child Tax Credit $1,000 tax credit is allowed for each dependent child under the age of 17 –Qualifying child includes stepchildren and eligible foster children

45. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 45 Filing Requirements (slide 1 of 2) General Rule: Tax return must be filed if gross income is ≥ the sum of the standard deduction and exemption amount ASD for blind does not apply for this determination –Special rules apply for dependents and self- employed taxpayers

46. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 46 Filing Requirements (slide 2 of 2) Tax return of an individual is due on or before the 15th day of the 4th month after taxpayer’s year end –Most individuals are calendar year taxpayers, thus, due date is April 15 May obtain a 6 month extension of time to file –Excuses a taxpayer from penalty for failure to file, not from penalty for failure to pay If more tax is owed, extension request (Form 4868) should be accompanied by check for balance of tax due

47. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 47 Filing Status There are 5 filing statuses –Single –Married, filing jointly –Surviving spouse (qualifying widow or widower) –Head of household –Married, filing separately Filing status affects tax rate brackets, standard deduction, and other amounts

48. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 48 Single Filing Status Includes a taxpayer who is unmarried or separated from spouse by a divorce decree or separate maintenance agreement and does not qualify for another filing status –Marital status is determined as of the last day of the tax year When a spouse dies during the year, marital status is determined as of the date of death

49. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 49 Married Filing Jointly (MFJ) Filing Status Married as of last day of taxable year, or Spouse dies during taxable year

50. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 50 Surviving Spouse Filing Status Same tax rate brackets as married, filing jointly File as surviving spouse for 2 years after death of spouse if taxpayer maintains a home in which a dependent child lives

51. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 51 Married Filing Separately Filing Status Married but not filing a return with spouse and not abandoned spouse

52. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 52 Head of Household (HH) Filing Status Must be unmarried as of end of year or an abandoned spouse Must pay > half the cost of maintaining a household which is the principal home of a dependent for more than half of tax year –A dependent must satisfy either the qualifying child or the qualifying relative category A qualifying relative must also meet the relationship test

53. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 53 Exception to the HH Requirements HH may be claimed if taxpayer maintains a separate home for his or her parents –At least one parent must qualify as a dependent

54. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 54 Abandoned Spouse Allows married taxpayer to file as Head of Household if taxpayer: –Does not file a joint return –Paid > half the cost of maintaining a home –Spouse did not live in home during last 6 months of tax year –Home was principal residence of taxpayer’s child for > half of year –Can claim child as a dependent

55. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 55 Taxes Rates Tax liability is computed using either the Tax Table method or the Tax Rate Schedule method –Most taxpayers must use the Tax Tables –Certain taxpayers may not use the Tax Table method including: An individual who files a short period return Individuals whose taxable income exceeds the maximum (ceiling) amount in the Tax Table –The 2009 Tax Table applies to taxable income below $100,000 An estate or trust For 2010 the tax rates are 10%, 15%, 25%, 28%, 33%, and 35%

56. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 56 Kiddie Tax (slide 1 of 4) Net unearned income (NUI) of child is taxed at parents’ rate –Child must be under age 19 at end of year (or under age 24 if a full-time student) –NUI generally equals unearned income less $1,900 (2010 tax year)

57. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 57 Kiddie Tax (slide 2 of 4) Unearned income includes: –Taxable interest –Dividends –Capital gains –Rents –Royalties –Pension and annuity income, and –Unearned income from trusts

58. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 58 Kiddie Tax (slide 3 of 4) Computing NUI for Kiddie Tax for 2010: –Unearned income –Less: $950 –Less: The greater of: i) $950, or ii) Allowable itemized deductions connected with production of unearned income –Equals: net unearned income

59. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 59 Kiddie Tax (slide 4 of 4) Net unearned income taxed at parents’ rate –Remainder of taxable income taxed at child’s rate Two options for computing the tax –A separate return may be filed for the child The tax on net unearned income (referred to as the allocable parental tax) is computed as though the income had been included on the parents’ return – Form 8615 is used to compute the tax –The parents may elect to report child’s income on their own return Certain requirements must be met

60. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 60 Gains and Losses from Property Transactions (slide 1 of 3) In order for gains (losses) to be recognized (included in gross income), they must be realized: –Realized gain (loss) = amount realized - adjusted basis Amount realized = selling price - costs of disposition Adjusted basis = cost + capital additions - cost recovery

61. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 61 Gains and Losses from Property Transactions (slide 2 of 3) All realized gains are recognized unless a specific tax provision provides otherwise (e.g., nontaxable exchanges) Realized losses may or may not be recognized depending on the circumstances –Generally, losses on the sale or disposition of personal use property are not recognized

62. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 62 Gains and Losses from Property Transactions (slide 3 of 3) Once recognized gains or losses have been determined, they must be classified as ordinary or capital –Ordinary gains are fully taxable –Ordinary losses are fully deductible Capital gains and losses are subject to special tax treatment

63. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 63 Gains and Losses from Capital Asset Transactions (slide 1 of 2) Capital assets are defined as any property other than: –Inventory, –Accounts Receivable, and –Depreciable property or real property used in a business Most personal use assets owned by individuals are capital assets –Losses on these assets are not deductible

64. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 64 Gains and Losses from Capital Asset Transactions (slide 2 of 2) Gains and losses from capital asset transactions must be netted –Net gains and losses by holding period –If excess losses result, they are shifted to the category carrying the highest tax rate

65. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 65 Max Tax Rates for Net Capital Gains of Individuals Classification Maximum Rate Short-term gains (held ≤ one year) 35% Long-term gains (held > one year) Collectibles 28% Certain depreciable property used in a trade or business (unrecaptured § 1250 gain) 25% All other long-term capital gains 15%, 5%, or 0%

66. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 66 Treatment of Capital Losses Net capital losses of individuals are deductible for AGI up to $3,000 yearly –Excess capital losses are carried over to the next tax year –When carried over, capital losses retain their classification as short- or long-term

67. © 2011 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 67 If you have any comments or suggestions concerning this PowerPoint Presentation for South-Western Federal Taxation, please contact: Dr. Donald R. Trippeer, CPA trippedr@oneonta.edu SUNY Oneonta