2. Aristotle  Old Belief: the world is flat, covered by a bowl above  New Theory: Geocentric Theory – the world is round, and is the center of the universe  Findings: Uses logical reasoning  Reactions: affirms religious teachings  Impact: theories last for over 1,000 years

3. Nicolaus Copernicus  Old Belief: Geocentric theory  New Theory: Heliocentric Theory – the sun is at the center of the universe  Findings: Maps the sky for 20 years  Reactions: Disbelief and outrage – “this goes against the church’s teachings!”  Impact: Father of modern Astronomy

4. Tycho Brahe & Johannes Kepler  Old Belief: Geocentric theory (perfectly circular orbits, universe never changes)  New Theory: Geo-Heliocentric theory, elliptical orbits, universe is changing  Findings: View a supernova, use complex mathematics to prove theory  Reactions: Disbelief  Impact: No credit until after death

5. Galileo Galilei  Old Belief: Geocentric theory, universe is perfect & unchanging  New Belief: Universe is imperfect & changing  Findings: Creates telescope to view the heavens  Reactions: Attacked by the Inquisition – spends rest of life under house arrest  Impact: Discovery of Jupiter’s moons, sun spots, and visual proof of Helocentricity

6. Isaac Newton  Old Belief: Geocentric theory, spirits control the movement of heavenly bodies  New Belief: Heliocentric theory, gravity  Findings: Complex mathematics prove Newton’s “3 laws”  Reactions: wide-spread acceptance  Impact: Father of engineering and physics

7. Rene Descartes  Old Belief: Math and philosophy should be separate sciences  New Belief: Math and philosophy can be used together to do amazing things Everything should be questioned  Findings: Cartesian coordinates, no limits to God’s creation  Reactions: Math was controversial, but logical reasoning was supported  Impact: Father of Geometry and Western Philosophy

8. Galen of Pergamum  Old Belief: Body is controlled by spirits and humors  New Belief: Body can be understood through examination  Findings: Dissection of animals to learn about human body  Reactions: Acceptance – God made all of us after all  Impact: Founder of anatomy – theories untested for over 1,000 years!

9. Andreas Vesalius  Old Belief: Dissection of bodies is a sin  New Belief: Human dissection is essential to medicine  Findings: Dissected human corpses to prove theories  Reactions: Acceptance – can’t argue with physical evidence  Impact: Founder of modern science of anatomy and physiology

10. William Harvey  Old Belief: Food is turned into blood in the heart  New Belief: The heart constantly recycles the same blood  Findings: Observed a still-beating heart  Reactions: Many unwilling to accept his theories  Impact: Father of physiology – how the body works Capacity of heart =1.5 ounces Each pump =, 1/8 of blood expelled. Estimates 1/6 oz. of blood went through heart each pump Estimates heart beats 1000 times every 30 mins This would require 10 pounds 6 ounces of blood to be created in 30 mins Liver would have to produce 540 pounds of blood in a day.

11. Francis Bacon  Old Belief:  New Belief:  Findings:  Reactions:  Impact: