1. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES ________ING TO _________

2. INFINITIVES

3. Gerunds + Infinitives  An infinitive is when we add “to” in front of a verb!  To eat  To walk  To run  To play

4. Infinitive Forms SimpleProgressivePerfectPerfect Progressive Form Example

5. Infinitive Forms SimpleProgressivePerfectPerfect Progressive Form to write (in the present/future) Example Do you want to write in English?

6. Infinitive Forms SimpleProgressivePerfectPerfect Progressive Form to write (in the present/future) to be writing (you’re not finished) Example Do you want to write in English? It’s strange to be writing in English!

7. Infinitive Forms SimpleProgressivePerfectPerfect Progressive Form to write (in the present/future) to be writing (you’re not finished) to have written (you have already done it) Example Do you want to write in English? It’s strange to be writing in English! I don’t want to have written the wrong answer, but I might have.

8. Infinitive Forms SimpleProgressivePerfectPerfect Progressive Form to write (in the present/future) to be writing (you’re not finished) to have written (you have already done it) to have been writing (you’re not finished and you say HOW LONG) Example Do you want to write in English? It’s strange to be writing in English! I don’t want to have written the wrong answer, but I might have. It’s strange to have been writing for so long!

9. Infinitives of Purpose  We often use infinitives to explain why we are doing something.  This type of infinitive is called an Infinitive of Purpose.  Why do you study English?  I am studying English to get a good job.  = I am studying English because I want to get a good job.

10. Gerunds + Infinitives  Why are you studying English?  Use an infinitive of purpose to explain why.  I’m studying English…  I’m studying English to ______________

11. Gerunds + Infinitives  We also use infinitives to explain how we feel about something.  S + be + emotion adjective + infinitive  I am happy to help you.  I am sad to say that you failed.  She will be excited to learn that you will marry her!

12. GERUNDS

13. Gerunds + Infinitives  A gerund is a verb that has been changed to a noun by adding “ING”.  Walk (verb)  Walking (noun)  Eat (verb)  Eating (noun)

14. Gerunds + Infinitives  A gerund is different from the progressive forms of verbs.  You can see that it is not progressive because there isn’t the verb BE in front.  I love walking.  (Gerund)  I am walking.  (Present progressive.)  It has “am” in front)

15. Gerunds + Infinitives  A gerund can be a subject or an object.  I hate walking. (the gerund is an OBJECT)  Smoking is unhealthy. (the gerund is a SUBJECT)

16. Gerunds + Infinitives  If you have a verb after a preposition, you are WRONG! Change the verb to a GERUND to keep your grammar correct.  I am thinking of walk.  I am thinking of walking.

17. Gerunds + Infinitives  Why? Please remember that a prepositional phrase ENDS with a noun!  You cannot put a verb inside a prepositional phrase!  I am thinking of walk.  I am thinking of walking.  I am asking about studying.  I forgot about asking the teacher.

18. Gerunds + Infinitives  Think about what you’re doing after school.  Tell your partner what sport you’re thinking of. “I’m thinking of…”  Did you say “I’m thinking of ______ing?”

19. Participle Clauses  As you saw last week, we often use gerunds in participle clauses.  Because I was sick, I couldn’t go.  Being sick, I couldn’t go.

20. Gerund Forms SimplePerfect AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative NORMAL PASSIVE

21. Gerund Forms SimplePerfect AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative NORMALeating PASSIVEbeing eaten

22. Gerund Forms SimplePerfect AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative NORMALeatingnot eating PASSIVEbeing eaten not being eaten

23. Gerund Forms SimplePerfect AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative NORMALeatingnot eatinghaving eaten PASSIVEbeing eaten not being eaten having been written

24. Gerund Forms SimplePerfect AffirmativeNegativeAffirmativeNegative NORMALeatingnot eatinghaving eaten not having eaten PASSIVEbeing eaten not being eaten having been written not having been written

25. Perfect Forms  We use these to discuss the PAST PERFECT  (had + pp).  I had been sick, so I was confused for the quiz.  Having been sick, I was confused for the quiz.  I hadn’t studied. I did very poorly.  Not having studied, I did very poorly.

26. Adding the object  We can show the OBJECT by changing it to:  Being + past participle  Having been + past participle  I had broken the necklace, so I couldn’t give it to her. The dog had broken it.  The necklace having been broken by my dog, I couldn’t give it to her.  We ate all of the cake. We felt very sick.  The cake finally being eaten, we felt very sick.

27. Gerunds + Infinitives  MOST IMPORTANTLY:

28. Gerunds + Infinitives  Some verbs are ALWAYS followed by a gerund or infinitive!  You must know these verbs. They are very important for good grammar!  I avoid talking to her.  I decided to leave early.

29. Gerunds + Infinitives  You can study these on my WEBSITE.  I avoid talking to her.  I decided to leave early.

30. Gerunds + Infinitives  Finally, some verbs are always followed by an object and infinitive. This can be very confusing for some students.  I asked him to help me.  I hired the plumber to fix my toilet.  I taught my dog to get the newspaper.

31. Gerunds + Infinitives  The pattern is:  S + V + O + infinitive  We use this to show that we made someone else do something for us.  I asked him to help me.  I hired the plumber to fix my toilet.  I taught my dog to get the newspaper.

32. Questions Answered in This Presentation 1. What are the 4 different forms of the infinitive? 2. How do we use infinitives to show purpose? 3. How do we use them with emotion adjectives? 4. What are the 4 forms of gerunds? 5. How do we make these 4 gerund forms passive? 6. When do we use the PERFECT form of the gerund? 7. Where can you study the verbs always used with infinitives or gerunds? 8. How do we make sentences with the S+ V + O + infinitive pattern?