1. Indicators of working hours, Finnish case Päivi Keinänen Statistics Finland ILO/ECE Task force Quality of Employment 12.-13. 6.2008 Paris

2. 12.-13. 20082Päivi Keinänen What is working time? “hours actually worked during normal hours of work” (ICLS 1962) "any period during which the worker is working, at the employer's disposal and carrying out his activities or duties, in accordance with national laws and/or practice“ (EU Directive 1993) defined also by collective or local agreements and in employment contracts no clear reference to working time of self-employed, unpaid overtime or extra work, hours worked at home, on-call hours, personnel training, apprentices, secondary jobs

3. 12.-13. 20083Päivi Keinänen Why working time quality indicators? Offering sufficient resources for standard of living More satisfying private life and better reconciling between work and family Better working environment and improving working conditions Protection of employees health and safety

4. 12.-13. 20084Päivi Keinänen Well-being and working time: indicators Proposed: Annual hours worked per person Excessive hours of work: share of persons working 49 hours or per week Time-related underemployment Other: share of over-time working involuntary part-time short-time working, reduced working week innovative working time models

5. 12.-13. 20085Päivi Keinänen Annual hours worked Measures actual length of working year Implicitly indicates labour productivity Measures several aspects and structures that affect working time share of full- and part-time employment overtime hours absence from work for various reasons short-time working Commonly used in international comparisons Sources and estimation methods varying

6. 12.-13. 20086Päivi Keinänen Annual actual working time of all employed Finland Source: OECD

7. 12.-13. 20087Päivi Keinänen Measurement issues 1 Reference periods for working time data collection Monthly scaling factors for persons who in the survey worked on weekdays only, worked on Saturday or worked on Sunday Estimated annual volume of working hours was 1.4 percent less in continuous survey in 2000 compared with 12 week average of the monthly survey Seasonal pattern is better estimated with the continuous survey

8. 12.-13. 20088Päivi Keinänen Measurement issues 2 Hours of self-employed difficult to measure (over- reporting) Overtime hours which are compensated in the future as time off, are taken as done in the reference period Calendar variations of public holidays affect hours actually worked The problem of numerator: treatment of long-term absences in various sources (definition of employment) Component method may worsen estimates, if entitlements to free days are not actually used by all entitled persons

9. 12.-13. 20089Päivi Keinänen Comparison of annual actual hours of TUS and LFS

10. 12.-13. 200810Päivi Keinänen Annual hours worked 1984-2006 TE=total employment, NA DE=employees LFS Source: OECD

11. 12.-13. 200811Päivi Keinänen Excessive hours of work Share of employed whose weekly working time exceeds 48 hours (8,7 % in 2006) Usual and/or actual hours possible Of men 6.2 % worked excessive hours in paid work and 46.0 % in self-employment Of women 2.4 % worked excessive hours in paid work and 31.9 % in self-employment Of full-time workers 9.8% (weekly hours 30+) or 10.6% (weekly hours 35+) Question: should we use national working time law criteria, which defines a 40 hour week?

12. 12.-13. 200812Päivi Keinänen Excessive hours by socio-economic status

13. 12.-13. 200813Päivi Keinänen Time-related underemployment

14. 12.-13. 200814Päivi Keinänen Other possible indicators Share of over-time working is some what higher than shares of excessive hours Part-time share is 13,7 % Involuntary part-time: 27,9 % of part-timers could not find full-time job Short-time working (laid off for a number of contractual days each week), eligible for unemployment benefits

15. 12.-13. 200815Päivi Keinänen Innovative working time models? Flex time, compressed working time, part-time in evening, flex time in the afternoon longer days or weeks during a special period due to increased orders balancing of average working time in a half year shift work 6+6 hours model four-day working week BUT: statistics cannot identify these, we should look available research