1. 1 Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e Chapter 2 Process: A Generic View Software Engineering: A Practitioner’s Approach, 6/e Chapter 2 Process: A Generic View copyright © 1996, 2001, 2005 R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc.

2. 2 A Layered Technology Software Engineering a “quality” focus process model methods tools

3. 3 A Process Framework Process framework Framework activities work tasks work products milestones & deliverables QA checkpoints Umbrella Activities

4. 4 Framework Activities Communication Communication Planning Planning Modeling Modeling Analysis of requirements Analysis of requirements Design Design Construction Construction Code generation Code generation Testing Testing Deployment Deployment

5. 5 Umbrella Activities Software project management Software project management Formal technical reviews Formal technical reviews Software quality assurance Software quality assurance Software configuration management Software configuration management Work product preparation and production Work product preparation and production Reusability management Reusability management Measurement Measurement Risk management Risk management

6. 6 The Process Model: Adaptability the framework activities will always be applied on every project... BUT the framework activities will always be applied on every project... BUT the tasks (and degree of rigor) for each activity will vary based on: the tasks (and degree of rigor) for each activity will vary based on: the type of project the type of project characteristics of the project characteristics of the project common sense judgment; concurrence of the project team common sense judgment; concurrence of the project team

7. 7 The CMMI The CMMI defines each process area in terms of “specific goals” and the “specific practices” required to achieve these goals. The CMMI defines each process area in terms of “specific goals” and the “specific practices” required to achieve these goals. Specific goals establish the characteristics that must exist if the activities implied by a process area are to be effective. Specific goals establish the characteristics that must exist if the activities implied by a process area are to be effective. Specific practices refine a goal into a set of process- related activities. Specific practices refine a goal into a set of process- related activities.

8. 8 Process Patterns Process patterns define a set of activities, actions, work tasks, work products and/or related behaviors Process patterns define a set of activities, actions, work tasks, work products and/or related behaviors A template is used to define a pattern A template is used to define a pattern Typical examples: Typical examples: Customer communication (a process activity) Customer communication (a process activity) Analysis (an action) Analysis (an action) Requirements gathering (a process task) Requirements gathering (a process task) Reviewing a work product (a process task) Reviewing a work product (a process task) Design model (a work product) Design model (a work product)

9. 9 Process Assessment The process should be assessed to ensure that it meets a set of basic process criteria that have been shown to be essential for a successful software engineering The process should be assessed to ensure that it meets a set of basic process criteria that have been shown to be essential for a successful software engineering. Many different assessment options are available: Many different assessment options are available: SCAMPI SCAMPI CBA IPI CBA IPI SPICE SPICE ISO 9001:2000 ISO 9001:2000

10. 10 Assessment and Improvement

11. 11 Personal Software Process (PSP) Recommends five framework activities: Recommends five framework activities: Planning Planning High-level design High-level design High-level design review High-level design review Development Development Postmortem Postmortem stresses the need for each software engineer to identify errors early and as important, to understand the types of errors stresses the need for each software engineer to identify errors early and as important, to understand the types of errors

12. 12 Team Software Process (TSP) Each project is “launched” using a “script” that defines the tasks to be accomplished Each project is “launched” using a “script” that defines the tasks to be accomplished Teams are self-directed Teams are self-directed Measurement is encouraged Measurement is encouraged Measures are analyzed with the intent of improving the team process Measures are analyzed with the intent of improving the team process

13. 13 The Primary Goal of Any Software Process: High Quality Remember: High quality = project timeliness Why? Less rework!