1. Breaking Down the APUSH Exam Historical Thinking Skills, Thematic Analysis, and Nine Periods of U.S. History

2. 9 Historical Thinking Skills: Historical Causation Patterns of Continuity and Change Periodization Comparison Contextualization Historical Argumentation Appropriate Use of Historical Evidence Interpretation Synthesis

3. 7 Historical Themes American and National Identity Work, Exchange, and Technology Migration and Settlement Politics and Power America in the World Geography and the Environment Culture and Society

4. 9 Historical Periods (Henretta) Transformations of North America (1450-1700) British North America & the Atlantic World (1660-1763) Revolution and Republican Culture (1763-1820) Overlapping Revolutions (1800-1860) Creating & Preserving a Continental Nation (1844-1877) Industrializing America (1877-1917) Domestic and Global Challenges (1890-1945) The Modern State & the Age of Liberalism (1945-1980) Global Capitalism & End of American Century (1980-)

5. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation Identify, analyze, and evaluate relationships among historical events as both causes and effects.

6. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation

7. Many events have correlation but no direct proof of causation- beware of coincidental events.

8. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation Historians often try to distinguish between immediate, proximate, and long-term causes and effects. Long-Term Proximate Immediate

9. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation Example from reading: what were the causes of the Civil War? Long-Term Proximate Immediate

10. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation Slavery Secession Fort Sumter Long-Term Proximate Immediate

11. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation Example from text: what were the causes of the “discovery” of America? Long-Term Proximate Immediate

12. Historical Thinking Skill 1: Historical Causation The Crusades New Inventions Christopher Columbus Long-Term Proximate Immediate

13. Let’s Try This: How did each event lead to the other? – The Renaissance – The Reformation – National Monarchies – Exploration

14. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Describe, analyze, and evaluate diverse interpretations of historical sources and construct one’s own interpretation.

15. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Understand how particular circumstances and perspectives shape interpretations.

16. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Example from reading: “What historians have written tells us as much about their own generation as about the Reconstruction period”

17. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Dunning Interpretation: Reconstruction was forced upon the South through armed occupation and placed in power incompetent blacks who misruled.

18. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Revisionist Interpretation: despite its faults, Reconstruction was a bold interracial experiment with positive results.

19. Why the Change?

20. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation The civil rights movement or “Second Reconstruction” changed historians perspectives in the 1950s and 1960s.

21. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Example from the text: How is the interaction between Europeans and Native Americans depicted?

22. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation

24. 1844 textbook: “But in every part of the New World there were people to whom this custom [cannibalism] was familiar.”

25. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation 1920 textbook: “His powers of smell, sight, and hearing were incredibly keen … but at the same time he showed a stolid stupidity … The Indian seems to have been generally friendly to the European on their first meeting…”

26. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation After the long period of industrialization and defeat of native tribes, Indians became “noble savages” who were uncorrupted by civilization.

27. Historical Thinking Skill 8: Interpretation Still more changes after the civil rights movement evolved in the 1970s…

28. And Now More on Interpretation… As a group- identify and record at least one example of evidence and one example of interpretation for each paragraph (divide and conquer).