1. The Crusades 1095-1291 B.C.E

2. Background  Late in the 11 th century, the byzantine emperor at Constantinople appealed to the Roman Catholic Church for military aid against the Moslem Turks  The RCC sympathizes- mainly because they controlled  Palestine  The Holy Land  Molested Christian Pilgrims  Pope Urban II  Council of Clermont, 1095-  Summoned western Christendom to wrest the Holy Land from the Moslems by waging a religious war or Crusade

3. Leading Events  The First Crusade-  1096  Godfrey of Bouillon  This crusade  Drove Muslims from part of Palestine  Established a Christian Kingdom in the Holy Land  Gained control of Jerusalem  1187- Jerusalem is take by the Muslims (Saladin). The loss of the Holy City caused western Europe to Launch the Third Crusade  Third Crusade  1189  3 Kings- Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Phillip Augustus of France, and Richard the Lionhearted of England  Fails to recapture Jerusalem  Safe passage granted to Christian Pilgrims by Saladin

4. Effects  Broadened people’s outlook  Crusaders were exposed to advanced civilizations  Increased geographical knowledge  Stimulated trade and towns  Trade increased  Money replaced barter  Towns grew in number and size  The Bourgeoisie acquired wealth and influence

5. Effects cont’d  Strengthened the Kings or Central Governments  Weakened nobility  Stimulated trade  Weakened Serfdom  Some gained freedom  Used money  Others will runaway  Encouraged Learning  Preserved and utilized Greco-Roman Knowledge  Maintained great universities  Advanced mathematics, science, literature, and art

6. THE REVIVAL OF TRADE AND TOWNS

7. The Rise of the Bourgeoisie As trade increased and towns grew, a new economic and social class evolved, the bourgeoisie- townspeople. In between the serfs and lords; known as the Middle Class

8. Leading Medieval trade centers Italy Belgium Northern Germany

9. Trade Fairs in Medieval Towns Used to foster/encourage trade Attracted – Buyers and sellers – Merchants from different places – Entertainers – Ordinary people

10. The Guilds in Medieval towns  Merchant  Craft  Economic activities  Educational activities  Political and Social activities

11. Life in medieval towns Disadvantages Streets Buildings Town walls Sanitation Advantages Freedom Fuller lives Cultural and educational facilities Opportunities for advancement

12. THE GROWTH OF DEMOCRACY

13. MEANING OF POLITICAL DEMOCRACY  Political democracy rests on the principle that government is created by, derives its powers from, and exists to serve the people.

14. Meaning of Political Democracy  Governmental powers are limited by a written constitution or by an unwritten constitution consisting of a group of documents and basic laws that have the prestige of a constitution.  The people are protected against possible governmental tyranny by constitutional guarantees of basic civil liberties  Bail  Impartial trial  Equal treatment under the law

15.  The people are protected against possible governmental tyranny by constitutional guarantees of basic civil liberties:  Freedom of speech, press, religion, and assembly  The right to bail, impartial trial, and equal treatment under the law  Minority groups, regardless of color, religion or national origin have the right to full and free and frequently held elections. Voters may either reelect the officials or retire them by selecting the opposing candidates

16.  The legislature conducts free and open debate on issues and passes laws by majority vote.  More than one political party exists, each free to present its views in seeking to become the majority party

17. Political Democracy Through the Ages  The democratic form of government:  Appeared in ancient Greece  Was replaced by autocracy  Reappeared as a result of 17 th and 18 th century revolutions in America and France  Developed into the political systems democratic peoples enjoy today

18. ENGLAND’S DEMOCRATIC GAINS  Jury System-  Replaced feudal justice with royal courts, grand jury investigations, and in certain cases, jury trials  Magna Carta (1215) limits royal power  May not imprison any free person except by judgment of the person’s peers and in accordance with the law  May not levy taxes without consent of the Great Council

19.  Model Parliament (1295)- expanded to include middle-class representatives  English Common Law- by the late 13 th, English judges had established the practice of basing their decisions previous on similar cases decided previously.  Parliamentary Lawmaking (14 th Century)- forced the monarchy to accept its authority by threatening to withhold tax laws.