1. The Latin Alphabet & Classical Pronunciation Latin consonants have only 1 sound. Latin vowels have only 2 sounds (short and long). about : father bat cat dog pet : they fish game hat pit : machine kite lmnopqrstulmnopqrstu v x y z ae ai au ia iu oe ch abcdefghikabcdefghik light might night off : note pet quite rrright sight tight put : rule like ‘w’ in wind fox yes zoo like ‘ai’ in aisle like ‘ou’ in house like ‘ya’ in yacht like ‘you’ in you like ‘oy’ in boy anchor

2. What’s in Nouns and Adjectives?   Number : How Many : Singular (cat) or Plural (cats)   Gender : masculine, feminine, neuter   Case : grammatical function in sentence   Nominative [the most commonly used case]   subject : Marcus eats fish.   subject compliment : Marcus is a fisherman.   Genitive : usu. possession : Julia’s son   Dative : usu. indirect object : I give fish to Julia.   Accusative   dir. obj.; obj. of preposition : I put kids into the car.   Ablative   obj. of preposition : I saw Julia with a fish.   Vocative : direct address : Hey, Marcus; Hey, Julia...

3. A note about gender in Latin: A Latin noun’s gender often depends on how the noun is spelled. For example… ‘woman’ (femina) is feminine in Latin, but so is ‘spear’ (hasta). Both femina and hasta are 1 st declension nouns, and almost all 1 st declension nouns are feminine.

4. What’s a Declension?: The Basics   group of nouns or adjectives with similar spelling patterns   Latin nouns > 5 declensions (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)   Latin adjectives > 2 declensions (1st & 2nd; 3rd)   1 st Declension nouns > via, viae; puella, puellae   2 nd Declension nouns > amicus, amici; donum, doni

5. Declensions > How to Tell? Look at the genitive singular ending…   1st Declension > via, viae; puella, puellae   2nd Declension Masculine > amicus, amici; vir, viri   2nd Declension Neuter > donum, doni; bellum, belli

6. ursa, ursae, feminine LivelyLatin : Lesson 1 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings ursa urs urs urs urs ae ae am ā urs urs urs urs urs ae ārum īs ās īs

7. nauta, nautae, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 1 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings nauta naut naut naut naut ae ae am ā naut naut naut naut naut ae ārum īs ās īs

8. casa, casae, feminine LivelyLatin : Lesson 2 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings casa cas cas cas cas ae ae am ā cas cas cas cas cas ae ārum īs ās īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

9. nauta, nautae, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 2 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings nauta naut naut naut naut ae ae am ā naut naut naut naut naut ae ārum īs ās īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

10. What’s in a Verb? Person & Number : Who & How Many 1st Sg (I), 2nd Sg (you), 3rd Sg (he/she/it) 1st Pl (we), 2nd Pl (you all), 3rd Pl (they) Tense : when action happens : I run (present tense) Voice : relationship of subject to verb action - -Active : subject does action (We see the dog.) - -Passive : subject acted upon (The dog is seen by us.) Mood : relationship of verb to reality -- -- Indicative : verb as fact (I saw the dog.) -- -- Imperative : verb as command (See the dog!) -- -- Subjunctive: verb as possibility (I may see the dog.)

11. What’s a Conjugation?   a group of verbs with similar spelling patterns   1st Conjugation   amo, amare   do, dare   2nd Conjugation   moneo, monere   valeo, valere

12. amō, amāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 3 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings amō amā ama s t amā amā ama mus tis nt Person singular plural 1st 2nd 3rd I love you love he loves she loves it loves we love you all love they love

13. clamō, clamāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 4 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings clamō clamā clama s t clamā clamā clama mus tis nt Person singular plural 1st 2nd 3rd I shout you shout he shouts she shouts it shouts we shout you all shout they shout

14. fabula, fabulae, feminine LivelyLatin : Lesson 5 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings fabula fabul fabul fabul fabul ae ae am ā fabul fabul fabul fabul fabul ae ārum īs ās īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

15. fenestra, fenestrae, feminine LivelyLatin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 1 st Declension Latin Noun 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem of the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem of the genitive singular – ae 3. 3.add endings fenestra fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr ae ae am ā fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr fenestr ae ārum īs ās īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

16. dominus, dominī, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings dominus domin domin domin domin ī ō um ō domin domin domin domin domin ī ōrum īs ōs īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

17. hortus, hortī, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings hortus hort hort hort hort ī ō um ō hort hort hort hort hort ī ōrum īs ōs īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

18. equus, equī, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 6 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings equus equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō equ equ equ equ equ ī ōrum īs ōs īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

19. ursa, ursae, f. equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 1 st Decl. Fem. 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 2 nd Decl. Mas. -r 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem x 9 3. add endings ursa urs urs urs urs urs urs urs urs urs ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs Comparison of Nouns: Lessons 1-6 equus equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs

20. Let’s decline a 2 nd Declension Neuter noun.

21. Be careful: ALL neuter words have the same spelling in their nominatives and accusatives.

22. donum, donī, neuter LivelyLatin : Lesson 9 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular x 2 2. 2.write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular x 2 2. 2.write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings donum don don donum don ī ō ō don don don don don a ōrum īs a īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

23. Now, let’s compare the various types of 2 nd Declension nouns.

24. You’ll see that 2 nd Declension masculine and neuter nouns differ only in their nominatives and accusatives.

25. equus, equi, m. vir, viri, m. donum, doni, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 2 nd Decl. Mas. –r 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings Comparison of 2 nd Decl. Nouns : Lesson 9 equus equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ equ ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir vir ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs donum don don donum don don don don don don ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs

26. Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

27. amō, amāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 10 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.) amā amā ama amā amā ama bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I was loving you were loving he/she/it was loving we were loving you all were loving they were loving

28. Now, let’s compare the present and imperfect tenses.

29. amō, amāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 10 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present & Imperfect Tenses) amā amā amā amā amā amā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I was loving you were loving he/she/it was loving we were loving you all were loving they were loving amō amā ama amā amā ama s t mus tis nt I love you love he/she/it loves we love you all love they love

30. Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

31. amō, amāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) amā amā amā amā amā amā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I shall love you will love he/she/it will love we shall love you all will love they will love

32. Now, let’s compare the present, imperfect, and future tenses.

33. amō, amāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) amā amā amā amā amā amā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P amō amā ama amā amā ama s t mus tis nt amā amā amā amā amā amā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

34. Let’s conjugate another 1 st conjugation verb in the Imperfect Tense.

35. ululō, ululāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Imperfect Tense) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Imperfect Tense endings (bam, bas, bat, etc.) ululā ululā ululā ululā ululā ululā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I was howling you were howling he/she/it was howling we were howling you all were howling they were howling

36. Let’s conjugate a 1 st conjugation verb in the Future Tense.

37. celō, celāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 11 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) celā celā celā celā celā celā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I shall hide you will hide he/she/it will hide we shall hide you all will hide they will hide

38. gladius, gladiī, masculine LivelyLatin : Lesson 12 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-us) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular 2. 2.write down the stem (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings gladius gladi gladi gladi gladi ī ō um ō gladi gladi gladi gladi gladi ī ōrum īs ōs īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

39. laudō, laudāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 12 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P laudō laudā lauda laudā laudā lauda s t mus tis nt laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā laudā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

40. The conjugation of this verb is a bit irregular, especially in the present tense. LivelyLatin : Lesson 12 How to conjugate the “be” verb (sum, esse) (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) era erā era erā erā era m s t mus tis nt Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P su e es su es su m s t mus tis nt er er er er er er ō is it imus itis unt

41. habitō, habitāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 13 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present, Imperfect, & Future Tenses) habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā bam bas bat bamus batis bant Person & Number Present Tense Imperfect Tense Future Tense 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P habitō habitā habita habitā habitā habita s t mus tis nt habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā habitā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt

42. sum, esse LivelyLatin : Lesson 14 How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Imperfect Tense) THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. 1.Write down era x 6 2. 2.Add the endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt) THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. 1.Write down era x 6 2. 2.Add the endings (m, s, t, mus, tis, nt) era era era era era era m s t mus tis nt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I was you were he/she/it was we were you all were they were

43. sum, esse LivelyLatin : Lesson 14 How to conjugate the “be” verb in Latin (Future Tense) THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. 1.Write down er x 6 2. 2.Add the endings (o, is, it, imus, itis, unt) THE CONJUGATION OF THIS VERB IS IRREGULAR. 1. 1.Write down er x 6 2. 2.Add the endings (o, is, it, imus, itis, unt) er er er er er er o is it imus itis unt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I shall be you will be he/she/it will be we shall be you all will be they will be

44. bonus, m. bona, f. bonum, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 1 st Decl. Fem. –a 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings 1 st & 2 nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 bonus bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs bona bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon bon ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs bonum bon bon bonum bon bon bon bon bon bon ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs

45. latus, m. lata, f. latum, n. ns gs ds acs abs np gp dp acp abp 2 nd Decl. Mas. –us 1 st Decl. Fem. –a 2 nd Decl. Neu. -um 1. write nom. sg. 2. write stem 3. add endings 1 st & 2 nd Declension Adjective : Lesson 15 latus lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat ī ō um ō ī ōrum īs ōs īs lata lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat lat ae ae am ā ae ārum īs ās īs latum lat lat latum lat lat lat lat lat lat ī ō ō a ōrum īs a īs

46. vexillum, vexillī, neuter LivelyLatin : Lesson 16 How to decline a 2 nd Declension Latin Noun (-um) 1. 1.write down the nominative singular x 2 2. 2.write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the nominative singular x 2 2. 2.write down the stem x 8 (= genitive singular – ī) 3. 3.add endings vexillum vexill vexill vexillum vexill ī ō ō vexill vexill vexill vexill vexill a ōrum īs a īs Case singular plural Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

47. cantō, cantāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 16 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Future Tense) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) 1. 1.Write down the stem of the second principal part – re 2. 2.Add Future Tense endings (bo, bis, bit, etc.) cantā cantā cantā cantā cantā cantā bo bis bit bimus bitis bunt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I shall sing you will sing he/she/it will sing we shall sing you all will sing they will sing

48. iuvō, iuvāre LivelyLatin : Lesson 16 How to conjugate a 1 st Conjugation Latin Verb (Present Tense) 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings 1. 1.write down the first principal part 2. 2.write down the stem of the second principal part – re 3. 3.add endings iuvō iuvā iuva iuvā iuvā iuva s t mus tis nt Person & Number 1S 2S 3S 1P 2P 3P I help you help he/she/it help we help you all help they help