2. First post-Washington election John Adams (F) – 71 EV Thomas Jefferson (D-R) – 68 EV Thomas Pinckney (F) – 59 EV Aaron Burr (D-R) – 30 EV President = John Adams (F) VP = Thomas Jefferson (D-R)

3. Continued neutrality Adams wanted to stay out of war between Britain, France Problem: Jay’s Treaty angered French French began attacking American shipping and impressing sailors Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with French (Pinckney, Gerry, Marshall) French (in distance) bearing down on damaged American ship

4. Three French agents demanded $250k bribe, $12 million loan to help French fight wars and public apology just to let Americans see French foreign minister Americans went home instead Americans (at left) facing French revolutionary demands, in US newspaper cartoon

5. Jefferson demanded to see reports from diplomats Released to public, changing French agents’ names to X, Y and Z Huge public outcry Token handed out during XYZ Affair

6. Quasi-War: No declaration, but French, American warships attacked each other and merchant ships 1800: Adams renegotiated treaty Weakened US affection for French USS Constellation – active during Quasi War

7. Alien-Sedition Acts (1798) Alien Friends Act Authorized the president to deport any resident alien considered "dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.” Aimed at French sympathizers Alien Enemies Act (still in effect) authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home countries were at war with the United States Naturalization Act Extended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens to 14 years Sedition Act made it a crime to publish "false, scandalous, and malicious writing" against the government or its officials Fight in Congress during debate over Sedition Act, 1798

8. TJ, James Madison introduce Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Called on states to nullify laws If state’s sovereignty violated, then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union Increases ideology of “States’ Rights” that help lead to the Civil War 60 years later

9. Alien-Sedition Acts in Action No aliens deported (many fled) 25 people, mainly D-R newspaper editors, arrested under Sedition Act (incl. 1 congressman!) 11 tried, 10 convicted Led to end of Federalist Party The power of the press...

10. One of the nastiest elections ever (slander, personal attacks) Jefferson v. Adams Campaign destroyed friendship, for years Jefferson, Burr tie; election goes to Federalist House of Rep On 35 ballots, deadlocked 8 states to 8 states On 36 th ballot, Hamilton convinced other Federalists to change vote to Jefferson (Burr was personal enemy) Jefferson (D-R)73 Burr (D-R)73 J. Adams (F)65 Pinckney (F)64

11. 12 th Amendment President, VP run as a ticket Each elector casts 1 vote for a president, & 1 vote for a VP President, VP must win absolute majority of EC votes Deadlocks go to House, where each state gets one vote for any of top 3 tickets Federalists lose control of legislature, Fed bureaucracy Adams: Midnight appointments to judiciary (eventually leads to Marbury v. Madison) Boston Sentinel, 1801