1. + Bell Ringer 12/4 In complete sentences, explain 5 different ways Europe changed during the Renaissance & Reformation

2. + Americas & New Global Connections

3. + People Settle in the America Somewhere between 12,000 & 10,000 years ago, people first arrived in the Americas Probably using a land bridge between Siberia & Alaska. People eventually adapted when they learned to domesticate plants & animals

4. + Mesoamerica Mesoamerica =Central Mexico south to the northern part of Central America

5. + Olmecs The earliest American civilization was the Olmecs We know little about them but it is believed that the 14 40-ton stones heads were portraits of their rulers 1500bc – 400bc

6. + The Mayans The Mayans settled on the Yucatan Peninsula in Mexico. The Mayans were influenced by the Olmecs Never had a strong empire, but had independent city-states Cities were most known for their temples and palaces

7. + Mayan Religion The Mayans believed in many gods Practiced human sacrifices believed gods needed blood to prevent disasters or the end of the world

8. + Ball Game Stone court—shaped like capital I Used heads, shoulders or hips Bounce heavy rubber ball through stone ring Winners received jewels and clothes Losers often sacrificed

9. + Advances in learning Built observatories to watch the stars The Maya developed two calendars: One with 365 days guided farming activities One with 260 days was used for religious events

10. + What happened to the Maya? The Maya abandoned many of their cities around 900 A.D. Archaeologists DO NOT KNOW WHY Maya civilization declined Theories: There was a severe drought. Many died due to starvation others migrated away Weakened soil due to overuse Increased warfare People rebelled against rulers

11. + Maya today …more than 2 million Maya people live in Guatemala and southern Mexico today.

12. + Aztecs The Aztecs lived in the Valley of Mexico in Central Mexico. Unlike Mayan city- states, Aztecs had an empire with a single ruler

13. + Legend of Tenochtitlan The gods told the Aztecs to search for an eagle holding a snake in its mouth sitting on top of a cactus. This is where they were to build their capital city. The Aztecs saw this sign in a swampy island in the middle of Lake Texcoco.

14. + Tenochtitlan A.D. 1325, Aztecs founded their capital city Tenochtitlan was built on an island It was connected to the mainland by causeways leading north, south, and west of the city The city was interlaced with a series of canals, so that all sections of the city could be visited either on foot or by canoe They created chinampas, floating gardens, to create more farmland

15. + Tenochtitlan Today, Tenochtitlan is Mexico City

16. + Aztec Society The Aztecs created an empire through conquest—warfare most important to them Conquered people and local rulers had to pay tribute to the Aztecs—food, feathers, gold, cotton were some Besides getting tribute, the Aztecs added more conquered lands to their empire

17. + Aztec Society Emperor Nobles Warriors Middle Class Commoners & Slaves Elected by Nobles, priests, & military leaders Served as officials, judges, & governors Could rise to nobility in battle Powerful Most were farmers; Slaves had rights & could own land & buy their freedom

18. + Aztec Religion & Mythology Aztecs believed in many gods Dedicated palaces & temples to them Aztec priests regularly made human sacrifices to please the gods Cut out hearts to feed the gods Often went to war for people to sacrifice Teotihuacan: City where the gods created the world Teotihuacan: City where the gods created the world

19. + Aztec Achievements Aztecs created a huge trade network— Merchants carried products to and from all parts of the empire Built beautiful stone temples and pyramids Created jewelry and masks using gold, gems and feathers Wove beautiful cloth Used cacao beans to make chocolate

20. + Aztec Achievements The Aztecs studied astronomy The Aztecs developed a Calendar similar to the Mayans. It had 365 days a year

21. + What happened to the Aztecs? Spanish conquistadors led by Hernan Cortes conquered Tenochtitlan and defeated the Aztecs in 1521. They came to find gold, claim land and convert the native people to Christianity.

22. + What happened to the Aztecs? Quetzalcoatl was a god worshipped by the Aztec peoples. Was believed that Quetzalcoatl had traveled east across the sea and would one day return, bringing peace When Hernan Cortes arrived in 1519 Moctezuma believed that it might be the return of Quetzalcoatl and allowed the Spanish easy entry into Aztec lands.

23. + What happened to the Aztecs? Moctezuma gave the Spanish gold and gifts. Cortes took Moctezuma captive wanting more. The Aztecs attacked the Spanish and drove them out, but Moctezuma was killed in the fighting. In a year, Cortes came back with help from the conquered people of the Aztecs who resented the Aztecs. The Spanish had better weapons—cannons, swords and body armor as well as horses. Diseases like smallpox weakened or killed thousands of Aztecs. In 1521, the Aztec empire came to an end.

24. + Inca The Inca controlled an empire in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Started in 1100s, first emperor (Sapa Inca) in 1438 Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui Sapa Inca had absolute power & claimed to be the son of the sun People had no personal property since Sapa Inca owned everything Little need for trade

25. + Inca Society Two main social classes. Emperor, government officials and priests made up the upper class. Enjoyed many privileges. Farmers, artisans and servants were in the lower class. There were no slaves. No written records-everything was told by runners who carried messages throughout the empire. Incas passed down history through songs and stories. Quipus-record keeping with knotted cords. Knots stood for numbers. Different colors stood for crops or other topics.

26. + Inca Farming Farmers grew maize and peanuts in the warm valleys. In the cooler mountains, they carved terraces into the hillsides to grow potatoes. High in the Andes people raised llamas for wool and meat.

27. + Uniting the Empire The Inca built a massive road network through mountains and across rivers and valleys. All roads lead through the capital, Cuzco

28. + Fall of the Inca Ultimately, it was Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro that brought about the fall of the Inca Empire.