2.  1 st President: George Washington  2 nd President: John Adams  3 rd President: Thomas Jefferson (beats John Adams for second term)  New President will transfer parties. From Federalist to Republican  Republicans would fear that a Federalist President would possibly bring back a monarchy.

3.  Jefferson vs. Adams  Voting was tied  House of Representatives to choose if there is a tie.  Jefferson wins (Aaron Burr as Vice President)  Originally candidate with most votes would be president, second place would become vice president.  Congress would pass 12 th Amendment to allow voters to vote for president and for vice president.  Candidates would not start running together (running mate) until the late 1800s.

4.  Wanted to reduce national debt  Cut down on military expenses  Reduce federal tax, would have customs duties- taxes on imported goods  Wanted to limit government power and size

5.  Created new judgeships to be filled by president  Adams would fill these positions (or most) before he left office with people who supported the Federalist party. Known as “midnight judges”  This would upset the incoming Republican party coming into office with Jefferson

6.  1803  The court may declare an act of Congress void if it was inconsistent with the Constitution  Before being appointed to a judgeship, the person must receive a commission  William Marbury appointed by Adams hours before leaving office  James Madison (secretary of state for Jefferson) did not deliver commission to Marbury preventing him from taking the position  Case would set in stone that Supreme Court had final decision of what the Constitution meant

7.  Mississippi River marked the boundary of the United States  Land west= Louisiana Territory that belonged to the Spanish (Spain)  Americans moving west (Pioneers)  Settled next to the river to transport crops  Spain would adjust policy to only allow Americans use of the River up to the New Orleans Port  Secrete agreement to give Louisiana Territory to France.

9.  French wanted to build empires in Europe and America  Purchase of such a large portion of land in America would allow for this to happen  America would lose access to the Mississippi River (economic survival relied on the river)  French do get the land, decide they don’t really need it.  America wants to purchase for 2 million dollars.

10.  Napoleon (French leader) would be open to sell land to finance the war with the British  He agrees to 15 million dollars  Senate would approve the purchase  Will double the size of the United States  Land would be vastly unknown past the Mississippi River  Needed expeditions to occur to discover any people, new plants, new animals, and spots to build forts  America also wanted to map out the Northwest Passage- water route straight through North America (wanted direct route for trade)

12.  Meriwether Lewis-28 years old to lead expedition  William Clark-32 years old to be co- leader  York- enslaved African American and friend of Clark, would build ties with Natives  Had a crew of sailors, gunsmiths, carpenters, scouts, and a cook.  2 interpreters who were Native American and French  Expedition to begin in Spring of 1804 from St. Louis  Would come across Sacagawea (Shoshone) who would join the expedition as a guide  Would last 18 months to reach Pacific Ocean  Returned in September of 1806  Inspiration to move west.

14.  Would lead a second expedition of the West.  Ended up going on two separate expeditions from 1805-1807  Would discover the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains

15.  Sacagawea married around the age of 12-15, had her first child, Jean, around the age of 16, dies due to complications with the delivery of her second child.  William Clark will end up caring for and raising Jean. Sent to him for his education.  Meriwether Lewis will die of a gun shot injury. It’s believed he was either murdered or committed suicide.  Lewis would become the governor of the Louisiana Territory  Clark would become governor of the Missouri Territory  Lewis would never marry  York would gain his freedom from Clark roughly 5-7 years after the expedition.

16.  Purchase of land would be a Federalist concern  Felt it would weaken New England’s power  Secret plan to secede (withdraw)  This would split the new nation  Federalist would turn to Aaron Burr to help get New York to join “Northern Confederacy”