1. Is LTE for You? Explaining when LTE should be the preferred technology. www.wade4wireless.com1

2. To use LTE or not to use LTE! www.wade4wireless.com2 Do you have a smartphone? Is it LTE enabled? Begin with the end in mind. When not deploy LTE! LTE cons. Why deploy LTE! LTE pros. LTE is the choice for future growth!

3. Do you have a smartphone? Is it LTE enabled? www.wade4wireless.com3 If you have a smartphone, then chances are good you already chose LTE. Why the smartphone? How often are you without your phone? What do you use it for? Do the apps make a difference? If your data plan was free, would you use LTE more often? I would!

4. Begin with the end in mind. When choosing a technology, think about what you want to achieve. What is the goal? Who is it serving? Will it solve your problem? Define what the “purpose” is for this system. What is important to your team in the field? www.wade4wireless.com4

5. Why not deploy LTE? The cons. www.wade4wireless.com5 PTT or Instant voice communication – Push to talk is currently slow and not as reliable as it needs to be for public safety. Not yet, but it’s coming. Let’s face it, there is a delay in LTE voice. Expensive system – You will need to spend some money for the core and the RAN, it is not a “cheap” system to build, implement, and maintain. Spectrum needed – Until the FCC releases 3.5GHz you will need spectrum or hop on the FirstNet system. Control – if you hop on FirstNet, they have the control of the system, and it looks like it will be built by a carrier.

6. FirstNet – if you hop on the FirstNet system they will maintain it and build it. You will pay a monthly fee. Live video – LTE handles live video very well so body cameras can become a common thing on the LTE network. Coverage – there are cost effective solutions for LTE coverage inside buildings and on streets, small cells are cost effective compared to DAS systems. Apps and devices – Let’s face it, we have plenty of apps and devices that are out there and can be developed for first responders to help you do your daily job. Internet access – you need internet access for so many reasons, now you have it and it’s really fast and reliable, so it’s wide area reliable internet access. Roaming is better – if you get devices that work on the FirstNet system then you will be able to roam outside of your area for access, apps, internet access, and voice calls. OEM independent – Do you know what OEM does what? If you work with TETRA or P25, can you work on any OEM? Do you know that Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint all have several different equipment vendors? OEM vendors are Nokia, former Alcatel-Lucent, Ericsson, Samsung and if you roam from one vendor to another your smartphone does not know because it’s a standard format. www.wade4wireless.com6 Why deploy LTE? The pros.

7. LTE is the choice for future growth! Let’s face it, LTE is here for the long haul. It’s 4G and its going to be the foundation for 5G. Spectrum will be the limitation. It is the future of wireless communications. LTE is going to be the foundation for future networks. Since it is an open platform that is IP based it will blend with existing networks. It is becoming faster and faster. They are already testing Gigabit service over LTE. Apps are being developed every day for new applications. Coverage is expanding. Roaming allows your device to go almost anywhere. Network to network, OEM to OEM, private system to carrier. www.wade4wireless.com7

8. 8 http://wade4wireless.com/2015/11/12/wireless-deployment-handbook-for-lte-small-cells-and-das/ http://wade4wireless.com There is help out there for deployment, resources you can use.

9. Naming Overview (Abbreviations and Acronyms) www.wade4wireless.com9 Het Net – A Heterogeneous Network is a network that includes multiple transmissions using multiple ways to deliver data. Per Wikipedia, “A heterogeneous network is a network connecting computers and other devices with different operating systems and/or protocols. For example, local area networks (LANs) that connect Microsoft and Linux based personal computers with Apple Macintosh computers are heterogeneous. The word heterogeneous network is also used in networks using different access technologies. For example, a wireless network which provides a service through a wireless LAN and is able to maintain the service when switching to a cellular network is called a wireless heterogeneous network.” Another good resource is http://www.3gpp.org/hetnet if you’re interested. Really, what we are looking at for the carrier is how to deliver the wireless data/voice using macro, small cells, indoor, and even Wi-Fi to the customer. So this network is going to deliver the data using multiple devices, technologies, and frequencies.networkcomputersoperating systemsprotocolslocal area networksLinuxpersonal computersAppleMacintoshwireless LANcellular network http://www.3gpp.org/hetnet

10. www.wade4wireless.com10 BBU – this is for Base Band Unit. This is the unit that interfaces between the backhaul and the RRH. It will process the incoming data to be sent to the RRH for transmission to the end user. This unit can be run on AC or DC. Generally with a small cell it is part of the small cell, not a separate unit. In most configurations this would be standalone unit. This is the case for a macro site or a CRAN site. hBBU – This would be a host BBU, also called a BBU hotel, where a BBU would connect to remote radio heads at another location.

11. RRH – Remote Radio Head – this is the RF unit that is not attached to a BBU. It could be on a tower where the BBU is on the ground in a cabinet and the RRH is up on the tower with the antennas. They split them to save on RF loss in the cables and to save on real estate on the ground. However, now you are using more real estate on the tower, and increasing the loading on the tower. In a DAS setting, indoor or outdoor, it would be the RF unit, (radio) that would be mounted with behind the antenna or attached to the antenna. www.wade4wireless.com11

12. CRAN – this is for Centralized RAN, where you would have the controller, a BBU, in one area and it would control several RRHs as part of a distributed radio system. This setup, indoors or outdoors could be part of a DAS system. The RRH could be at the top of a pole, other parts of a building, or a few miles away mounted on a light pole. The BBU may be located on a different location than the RRH. This is pretty common in today’s world. You know that on the towers they put the BBU on the ground and the RRH is up on the tower with the antenna. So just imagine now that they put the BBU in a basement and the RRH’s are spread throughout the building. They may also have the BBU in a closet at a building and spread the RRH’s all over town to get the RF where the people are, to distribute the radio heads and antennas. This could be part of a DAS system where they rely on the CPRI, (common public radio interface), to be connected to fiber for the “fronthaul” which is like the backhaul but to go from the BBU to the RRH, forward! Currently there are several limitations which mostly have to do with timing. They can only travel so far before they would time out. That limits distance at this time. The cloud may change that soon. When they locate many BBUs in a remote location for widely distributed RRHs, they call that a BBU hotel, a term that means that many BBUs for multiple locations are in one spot. I believe that with the cloud this may change because BBUs will be located farther and farther away. www.wade4wireless.com12 RR H AntennaAntenna AntennaAntenna AntennaAntenna Fronthaul BBU RR H Backhaul Fronthaul AntennaAntenna

13. Macro site – this is generally a full blown site, it could be at a tower or on a building top or even a stealth site. It generally consists of fiber backhaul, battery backup, a large BBU, several RRHs and several antennas. It would make up several sectors, usually pointing in many directions. It would also have a router that would connect it back to the core, which generally is a fiber backhaul, but it could be wireless. It generally isn’t copper but it could be. BTS – Base Transceiver Station – the RF base station. eNodeB – Evolved Node B from the E-UTRAN This included the air interface, the BTS, and the interface to the EPC, the evolved packet core. This would normally be all of the equipment at the cell site. E-UTRAN – evolved universal terrestrial Radio access network. This would be all of the cell sites in the network. UE – User Equipment, this is generally the cell phone, smart phone, tablet, or any end user wireless device. The user would be the person carrying the device using the wireless connection. www.wade4wireless.com13

14. Small Cell: The small cell where the unit has everything included, except maybe the router, but the BBU, (broadband unit) and the Radio Head are all in one unit. Generally small cells radiate less than 5 watts outside and less than 1 watt indoors. Femto Cell: A small cell. It would be very small and one that normally would self-configure and you could plug into any internet access for backhaul. It may be something to put in a home or a small business to improve coverage. It would cover a small area to provide better signal and offloading. Usually just for a few UE connections, maybe up to 10. Most of the time it just connects to the internet, like someone’s cable modem. Pico Cell: This is slightly bigger than the Femto, usually for a mid-sized business, small bus station, or a smaller public area to connect maybe 10 to 100 connections at any given time. Micro Cell: This is usually a bigger unit that can handle medium stadiums or a train station or airport. This term is not used so much anymore because they just call it a small cell. Metro Cell: This term was used for larger outdoor metro areas where the loading could be greater than 100 users at any given time. But let’s face it, they are commonly called small cells. Indoor small cell: It is a small cell that is mounted inside a building to provide coverage and /or offloading of the Macro site. This unit would not be weather proofed. Outdoor Small Cell: It is a small cell mounted outdoors to help with coverage and off loading of the Macro site. This unit would be weatherproofed and it may need a sun shield. www.wade4wireless.com14

15. Mini-Macro – this is generally a medium power eNodeB that is installed similar to a one sector macro site. It would be a single sector cell site, lower power, with a single antenna. There will be variations but generally a stand-alone, medium power cell site. Since it would resemble a smaller Macro site, it would have a larger cabinet to host the BBU and the router mounted at the same location as the RRH. The RRH would be up on the pole or tower or building with the antenna vRAN or cRAN – this stand for virtualized RAN and cloud RAN. These generally are part of a CRAN but the vRAN and cRAN will, (in theory)be able to use standard networking protocols to communicate to between the BBU and the RRH. These systems are out there but not generally available at this writing but they should be release very soon. DSCS - Distributed Small Cell System is where you would deploy small cells, (and maybe Wi-Fi) like you would with a DAS system. These would be stand alone all-inclusive small cells with integrated antennas. They would be connected to the EPC with fiber or CAT5 or some type of wireless backhaul. DAS – Distributed antenna system. This could be 1) an eNodeB feeds the RF distribution system and RF cables run from the central area to each antenna remotely which is similar to most iDAS, (indoor DAS) systems or 2) there could be a central hBBU (host BBU) that uses fiber or CAT 5 to feed several radio heads with antennas which is common in oDAS (outdoor DAS). Together they form a solution for coverage. There are many more DAS solutions, but for LTE let’s stick to these 2.. www.wade4wireless.com15

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