1. How landforms are made.

2. Do Now In your notebook answer: How do you think the Grand Canyon Formed?

3. Weathering and Erosion This is a monument called Cleopatra’s Needle. It was carved in Egypt around 1450B.C. The sides are carved with hieroglyphs, the writing of ancient Egypt. It stood in the dry, hot Egyptian desert for over 3000 years. During that time, the hieroglyphs remained distinct.

4. Weathering In 1800, the monument was moved to New York City. Almost immediately, the hieroglyphs began to fade. In only a few years in the wet and variable climate of New York, the Egyptian writing became indistinct!

5. Weathering The chemical and/or physical breakdown of a rock material-- weathering involves specific processes acting on rock materials at or near the surface of the Earth

6. Weathering Terminology Bedrock(Parent rock): unaltered rock of any kind Soil: a layer of broken down rock and organic matter (humus)

7. Mechanical Weathering

8. Frost: water expands by ~10% when it freezes Thermal expansion: differential heat expansion of minerals creates stress in rocks Organic activity: tree roots to micro- organisms

9. Weathering due to physical changes Ice Abrasion Gravity/Joint Sheeting Wind Water Plants/Animals Mechanical Weathering

10. Common weathering processes : Frost action-water expands Wetting and drying-rain/sun Action of plants and animals-organic activity Abrasion-Loss of overlying rock and soil – Wind/ Water Gravity-boulders fall Joint Sheeting-large sheets of rock break away

12. Types of Mechanical Weathering Frost action or Ice Wedging: Water takes up about 10% more space when it freezes. This expansion puts great pressure on the walls of a container. Water held in the cracks of rocks wedges the rock apart when it freezes. Often occurs in places where temperatures vary from below the freezing point of water to above the freezing point.

13. Frost Action or ice wedging slowly breaks up this sedimentary rock into unusual shapes.

14. Mechanical Weathering Action of plants and animals: –Lichens and mosses grow on rocks They wedge their tiny roots into spores and crevices. When the roots grow, the rock splits.

15. Types of Mechanical Weathering

17. The wetting and drying of clay makes it crack. Similar to plant pots.

18. Types of Mechanical Weathering Loss of Overlying Rock and Soil Sheet jointing on a granite outcrop produces cracks in the rock, thereby exposing more of the rock surface to weathering.

19. Types of Mechanical Weathering Granite exfoliation

21. These rocks have been blasted by wind and sand causing them to become rounded. WIND ABRASION

22. With a partner: 1. Choose a monument, statue or known object 2. Write down how you think it has weathered. 3. What type/types of weathering has caused it to change.

23. Chemical Weathering

24. Weathering due to chemical changes of an object. Water Acid Rain Acid in the Groundwater Acids in living things Air Oxidation Chemical Weathering

26. Agents of Chemical Weathering The chemical reaction of water with other substances is called hydrolysis. Common materials undergoing hydrolysis: Feldspar Hornblende Augite

27. Why are deserts and Mars red? Oxidation of iron (rusting)

28. Agents of Chemical Weathering The chemical reaction of oxygen with other substances is called oxidation. Iron-bearing minerals are the ones most easily attacked by oxygen. Examples: Magnetite Pyrite Dark-colored ferromagnesian silicates

29. This rock is red because of the oxidation of iron in the sediment when the rock was being formed.

31. In this picture the running water eroded the sides of this canyon and created the V-shaped valleys.

32. This is a picture of a landslide. A type of mass wasting.

33. Agents of Chemical Weathering Carbon dioxide dissolves easily in water. It forms a weak acid called carbonic acid This is the same compound that is in carbonated drinks. Attacks many common minerals such as feldspar, hornblende, augite and biotite mica. The original mineral is changed into a clay mineral.

34. In this picture the land has slumped into the road below.

35. This is a picture of an avalanche. It is similar to a landslide with ice and snow instead of rock.

36. This is a picture of a glacier which carves out a U-shaped valley where it flows dragging rocks and boulders along the way.

37. Agents of Chemical Weathering Acids are formed from the decay of plants and animals. These acids are dissolved by rainwater and carried through the ground to the bedrock.

38. Agents of Chemical Weathering Carbon dioxide and sulfur compounds released by industries unite with water in the atmosphere to form acid rain. Increasing amounts of acid rain in the environment increase the rate of chemical weathering.

39. Agents of Chemical Weathering

40. Chemical Weathering Occurs most quickly at the corners and edges of rock outcrops and boulders. These areas are more exposed to chemicals. This process rounds the rock and is called spheroidal weathering. Boulders rounded this way are called spheroidal boulders

41. Differential Weathering Process where softer, less weather resistant rock wear away and leave harder, more weather resistant rock.

42. What are the major factors that control weathering? Composition, Structure (surface area) Climate, Soil and vegetation, Time

43. Principles of chemical weathering Why do we use hot water to make coffee? Why do we grind coffee before brewing it? Why is the ocean salty?

46. Climate and Weathering Climate is the average weather condition in an area over a long period of time. The rate of chemical weathering happens faster in warm, humid climates.