1. 1 STRATEGI INTERNASIONAL Pertemuan 20 Matakuliah: J0134/ Manajemen Strategik Tahun: 2006

2. 2 Opposing Pressures and Three International Strategies Global strategy Transnational strategy Multidomestic strategy High Low High Pressures for Local Adaptation Pressures to Lower Costs

3. 3 A Transnational International Strategy is likely to utilize a structure that results in emphasis on both geographic and product structures A structure based on product lines usually implies a global international strategy A structure based on geographic lines usually implies a multi-domestic international strategy

4. 4 Strengths and Limitations of Various International Strategies Less ability to realize cost savings Difficulty in transferring knowledge “Over adaptation” as conditions change Ability to adapt Ability to detect opportunities Limited ability to adapt Dependence on a single facility Higher tariffs and transportation costs Strong integration Standardization, economies of scale, lowers costs Uniform standards of quality Global Limitations Strengths Strategy Unique challenges in determining optimal locations of activities - cost and quality Unique managerial challenges in fostering knowledge transfer Economies of scale Ability to adapt Activities in optimal locations Knowledge flows, learning Multidomestic Transnational

5. 5 Entry Modes for International Expansion Low Degree of Ownership and Control High LowHigh Extent of Investment and Risk Exporting Licensing Franchising Strategic Alliance Joint Venture Wholly Owned Subsidiary

6. 6 Advantages of International Operations  Absorb excess capacity  Reduce unit costs  Spread risk over wider markets  Low-cost production facilities  Less intense competition  Lower taxes  Economies of scale

7. 7 Disadvantages of International Operations  Difficult communications  Underestimate foreign competition  Cultural barriers to effective management  Complications arising from currency differences

8. 8  Cultural differences –Norms –Values –Work ethic Kesulitan yang timbul pada Strategi Internasional