1. 4 Light and Temperature Why Infrared Cameras Work

2. 4 Goals The light that we see: where does it come from? Understanding the light of heat. On a sunny day: –Why does it seem hotter wearing a black T-shirt versus a white one? –Why are they different?

3. 4 A Spectrum A spectrum = the amount of light given off by an object at a range of wavelengths. Emission lines Absorption lines Continuum

4. 4 Three Reasons All objects do one or more: 1.Reflect light because of color or smoothness (same as scatter) 2.Emit light because of their temperature (thermal radiation) 3.Emit or absorb light because of their composition (spectral lines) A person, house, or the Moon: reflects visible light, and because each is warm, emits infrared light.

5. 4 Reflection, absorption, and scatter Why do you see me? Why do I see you? Why is your shirt blue? Why is this paper white? Why is the table top black?

6. 4 Temperature and Light Warm objects emit light. –Thermal radiation

7. 4 Thermal Radiation Laws 1.Hotter is bluer. –(peak at shorter wavelength) 2.Hotter is brighter. –(More intense at all wavelengths)

8. 4 What is Light? Recall: Light is an energy wave. –The wavelength ( ) and frequency ( ) are related: c = New: The energy of the wave is inversely proportional to the wavelength (where h is a constant): E = h E = hc/

9. 4 Atoms in Motion Everything is composed of atoms which are constantly in motion.

10. 4 Temperature The hotter the object, the faster the average motion of the atoms. HOTTER COOLER

11. 4 Atoms and Light As atoms move they collide (interact, accelerate). Collisions give off energy. But light IS energy. E = h c 

12. 4 Light and Temperature The hotter the object the faster the average atom and the more energetic the average collision. The faster the atoms the more collisions there are. COLD HOT

13. 4 Energy and Intensity 1.The more energetic the average collision the bluer the average light that is given off. –Since E = h c  2.The more collisions that occur the more light that is given off per surface area.

14. 4 Thermal Radiation Laws Put another way: Wien’s Law for peak wavelength ( peak ): peak is proportional to 1/T Stefan-Boltzmann Law for total Flux (F): F is proportional to T 4

15. 4 Graphically peak  1/T F  T 4

16. 4 Result HOT toasters are BRIGHTER than cool toasters. HOT toasters are BLUER than cool toasters. What is the peak wavelength for something at room temperature (a cool toaster or a cool person)? peak  1/T peak = k* 1/T peak = (3 x 10 -3 m/K) * 1/ 300 K peak = 10 -5 m IR

17. 4 Thermal versus Reflection Thermal radiation is light given off because of an object’s temperature. Don’t confuse with reflected light: –Buses are yellow not because they are hot enough to emit visible radiation but rather they reflect the yellow light given off by the Sun. What kinds of thermal radiation do we see in our everyday life?

18. 4 The IR World Everyday objects (at everyday temperatures) emit thermal radiation in the IR, this is why we equate IR with HEAT. http://www.x20.org/library/thermal/blackbody.htm

19. 4 The IR Universe Everyday things that are hot radiate in the IR: Dust – There are interstellar clouds of dust. Orion - visible Orion – by IRAS

20. 4 The IR Universe Molten Rock – There are lava flows on a moon of Jupiter. Orion – by IRAS Io from IRTF.

21. 4 The Moon in eclipse. The IR Universe In eclipse, there is no reflected light. Only thermal radiation. Differences in composition lead to differences in temperature. Orion – by IRAS R. Gendler

22. 4 The Greenhouse Effect Why is my car hot on a summer day? At T = 6000 K, the Sun radiates mostly visible light. Windshield is transparent to visible light. Car seat absorbs this visible light and warms up to 400 K. At T = 400 K, my seat radiates mostly at longer wavelengths in the IR. Windshield is opaque in the IR. Result: Energy is TRAPPED inside the car!

23. 4 Venus and Earth Certain gases act the same way as your windshield: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ). Venus – Runaway greenhouse effect. Earth – Could that happen here?

24. 4 Color Why’s Why is that shirt blue? Why is the Sun yellow? Why is this paper white? Why is the light filament orange? Why is Mars red? On a sunny day: –Why does it seem hotter wearing a black T-shirt versus a white one?

25. 4 Homework #4 For 9/19: Reread B6.4 – 6.5 For 9/23: Read B14 Do: Review Questions 7, 11, 13 and: –Why do we see absorption lines in the spectrum of the Sun? In your answer, address the following: where is the source of the light which is the continuous thermal spectrum? What is the material doing the absorbing and where is it? Which is hotter, and why does this give rise an an absorption spectrum as viewed from Earth?