1. Industrial Revolution

2. Background Info  Name given to the movement in which machines replaced manual labor.  Began in Great Britain during the middle 18 th century.  Spread to the rest of Europe & US by the 19 th century.  Started with a revolution in agriculture.

3. Technology In Agriculture  Crop Rotation – Charles Townshend  Seed Drill-Jethro Tull  Iron Plow  More Food = Improved health = increased population

4. Productivity & Technology  Scientific revolution is followed by a revolution in productivity.  Better productivity leads to a change in society.  Families move from rural to urban areas.  Manufacturing changes from a cottage industry to a factory system.

5. Technology In Textiles  New inventions = need for laborers.  Interchangeable parts = increased production  Flying Shuttle  Spinning Jenny  Water-powered loom

9. Tech. In Textiles Cont.  Factories built near water.  Steam-powered engine  Mining (coal & iron)  New energy source for the textile & coal industries  Bessemer Process  Produce stronger steel

12. Advance in Communication  Better roads & canals.  Steam powered trains.  Pacific Railroad 1869.  Telegraph

13. The "Komet", German locomotive - 1854

14. The "Smallow", English locomotive - 1849

15. Spread of Railways in Ten Selected Countries (Length of line open [in kilometers [1km = 5/8 mile]) 1840186018801900 Austria- Hungary 144 4,54318,50736,330 Belgium334 1,7304,1124,591 France4969,16723,08938,109 Germany46911,08933,83851,678 Great Britain 2,39014,60325,06030,079 Italy20 2,4049,29016,429 Netherlands 17 3351,846 2,776 Russia 27 1,62622,86553,234 Spain - 1,9177,49013,214 Sweden - 5275,87611,303

17. Participants  Britain leads the way  Iron & Coal resources  Good transportation system  Leading commercial power.

18. Percentage Distribution of the World's Manufacturing 1870 and 1913 (percentage of world total) 1870 1913 USA23.335.8 Germany13.215.7 U.K.31.814.0 France10.36.4 Russia3.75.5 Italy2.42.7 Canada1.02.3 Belgium2.92.1 Sweden0.41.0 Japan1.2 India11.01.1 Other Countries12.2

19. Participants  Colonies to supply raw materials & buy finished goods.  Hard work & talent moved the industry forward.

20. The Revolution Spreads  Rise of Nationalism.  Spurs competition among countries.  Focuses on what was best for your country.  1850’s – Belgium, France, Germany & U.S. join.  France improves transportation.

21. NATIONALISM  Feeling of pride for and devotion to one’s country.

22. The Revolution Spreads  Germany Unifies to become European power.  U.S. – vast source of natural resources.

25. The Revolution Spreads  Science & Medicine improve.  Healthier people  Higher population.

26. Problems of Industrial Cities  Sewage disposal facilities  Housing  Water system  Poor working conditions  Very low wages  Government began to regulate the running of cities.

27. Economics of Industrial Revolution  Capitalist system – means of production are in private hands  Laissez-faire – Leave things alone, government should not interfere with business  Communism – Wealth & property to be owned by society as a whole.

28. Marx & Engels  Believed that history was the struggle between classes. (haves vs. have-nots)  Haves = Bourgeoisie (middle-class)  Have-nots = Proletariat (workers)  Stated that working conditions & lives of workers would improve only when they gained control of the means of production.

29. Working Conditions  12 – 16 hour days  No breaks (eat while running machines)  Unsafe equipment (many injuries & death)  Child labor  Over abundance of workers = lower wages  NO GOVERNMENT REGULATION OF INDUSTRY!

30. Rise of Labor Unions  Poor working conditions left may people dead or injured.  Government began hearing grievances of workers in court.  Conservative entrepreneurs tried to justify their actions  As a result of hearings, government began to enforce regulations on industry.  Workers banned together to form unions.

31. Labor Unions Continued  At first they were banned by most governments.  The more workers that joined, the more power the union had.  Began to negotiate with factory owners for better working conditions & wages.  Led to better conditions for workers.

32. Results of Industrialization  Population explosion  People migrate to cities  Government regulates industry  Government regulates cities  People have the opportunity to gain wealth  Labor unions form to help workers  Society values change