1. Developmental Psychology http://education-portal.com/academy/topic/developmental-psychology.html http://education-portal.com/academy/topic/developmental-psychology.html The study of YOU from womb to tomb. We are going to study how we change physically, socially, cognitively and morally over our lifetimes.

2. Once the egg is fertilized… The Zygote The first stage of prenatal development. Lasts about two weeks and consists of rapid cell division.

3. The Zygote Stage Less than half of all zygotes survive first two weeks. About 10 days after conception, the zygote will attach itself to the uterine wall. The outer part of the zygote becomes the placenta (which filters nutrients).

4. After two weeks, the zygote develops into a Embryo

5. The Embryo Stage Lasts about 6 weeks. Heart begins to beat and the organs begin to develop.

6. By nine weeks we have something that looks unmistakably human… A Fetus

7. The Fetus Stage By about the 6 th month, the stomach and other organs have formed enough to survive outside of mother. At this time the baby can hear (and recognize) sounds and respond to light.

8. PRENATAL INFLUENCES –during embryonic and fetal stages, the developing organism is especially vulnerable to toxic agents –protected by the placenta organ that connects the blood supply of the mother to that of the fetus acts like a filter allows oxygen and nutrients to pass through while keeping out some toxic or harmful substances

9. Teratogens harmful agents (viruses and drugs) to the prenatal environment Herpes

10. Drugs and prenatal development Cocaine plus other drugs –pregnant women using crack cocaine along with other drugs, such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, or opiates had: lower birth weight poor feeding habits greater risk for developing other psychological problems Smoking and nicotine 13% (about) of pregnant women smoke increase the risk of: low birth weight pre-term deliveries possible physical problems (cleft lip or palate) SIDS respiratory infections

11. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome small head, small jaw, and small, flat cheeks malformed ears small eyes, poor development of optic nerve, crossed-eyes upturned nose, low bridge small upper mouth structure and teeth caved-in chest wall umbilical or diaphragmatic hernia limited movement of fingers and elbows extra fingers, abnormal palm creases excessive hair under grown nails incomplete or lack of development of brain structures heart murmurs, heart defects, abnormalities of large vessels incomplete development of genitalia growth, motor, and mental retardation irritability in infancy and hyperactivity in childhood poor coordination

12. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking. Severe cases symptoms include facial disproportions.

13. Healthy Newborns http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/perceptual-development.html http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/perceptual-development.html Turn head towards voices. See 8 to 12 inches from their faces. Gaze longer at human like objects right from birth.

14. Reflexes - Inborn automatic responses. Rooting – finger on cheek will cause baby to turn Sucking – Built in reflex to eat Grasping – Baby will always grasp finger placed in palm Moro - Lack of security causes arms and legs to extend outward Babinski – Toes curl outward when sole of foot is rubbed Stepping – When feet placed on surface, baby will pick feet up and down

15. Attachment Critical Periods: the optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produce proper development. Those who are deprived of touch have trouble forming attachment when they are older.

16. Attachment Harry Harlow and his monkeys. Harry showed that monkeys needed touch to form attachment.

17. Types of Attachment Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation experiment. Three types of attachment: 1.Secure 2.Anxious/ambivalent 3.Avoidant

18. Secure Attachment Avoidant Attachment Ambivalent Attachment -70% -Children confident that parent will meet their needs -Child easily soothed by parent when distressed -Accepting of strangers if parent doesn’t appear threatened -15% -Extremely independent of parent -Do not seek contact with parent when distressed -Parent insensitive and uninvolved -15% -(Mix of other two types) -Response from parent is inconsistent -Child sometimes exhibits clingy behavior, sometimes rejects parent Mary Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” Experiment – Identified 3 types of attachment

20. Name of StageAgeDescription of Abilities (include terminology)

22. Temperament In 1977, Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess identified 3 types of temperaments in babies. Later, a 4 th was added: Easy: Good natured and adaptable, easy to care for and please Difficult: Moody and intense, react to new people & situations negatively (often a problem in school later on) Slow to Warm Up: Relatively inactive, slowly warm up to new people & situations, reactions are mild Shy: Timid and inhibited, fearful of new people and situations. The amygdala of shy babies overreacts when presented with a new situation (typically continues to adolescent years)

23. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Preconventional—moral reasoning is based on external rewards and punishments Conventional—laws and rules are upheld simply because they are laws and rules Postconventional—reasoning based on personal moral standards

24. 1. Preconventional Moral Reasoning Characterized by the desire to avoid punishment or gain reward Typically children under the age of 10

25. 2. Conventional Moral Reasoning Primary concern is to fit in and play the role of a good citizen People have a strong desire to – Gain Approval/Avoid Disapproval – Avoid Dishonor or Guilt (Duty to Society) Typical of most adults

26. 3. Postconventional Moral Reasoning Characterized by references to universal ethical principles that represent protecting the rights of all people Most adults do not reach this level.

27. Baumrind’s Parenting Styles Parents with an authoritarian parenting style are demanding and unresponsive toward their children’s needs and wishes Parents with a permissive parenting style may be permissive-indulgent (extremely tolerant, not demanding, and responsive to their children) or permissive-indifferent (extremely tolerant, not demanding, and not responsive to their children). Parents with an authoritative parenting style set clear standards for their children’s behavior but are also responsive to their children’s needs and wishes

30. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages

34. Elizabeth Kubler Ross’ 5 stages of Grief/Dying -Denial/Isolation -Anger -Bargaining -Depression -Acceptance -Wrote a book titled On Death & Dying