1. ONCOGENE AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF LEUKAEMIA Nouf khaled al-Hajjar 426204305 SUPERVISOR Dr.SAMINA HAQ

2. Oncogene: An onocogene is a gene that play a normal role in the cell as proto-oncogene and promote cancer by mutation and carries the ability to induce cancer.

3. Proto-oncogenes: are the genes that normally control how often a cell divides and the degree to which it differentiates (or specializes). When a proto-oncogene mutates (changes) into an oncogene, it becomes permanently "turned on" or activated when it is not supposed to be.

5. Scientists have divided oncogenes into the 5 different classes. 1-Growth factors: These oncogenes produce factors that stimulate cells to grow. 2-Growth factor receptors: These are normally turned "on" or "off" by growth factors.

6. 3-Signal transducers: These are the intermediate pathways between the growth factor receptor and the cell nucleus where the signal is received. 4-Transcription factors: These are the final molecules in the chain that tell the cell to divide. 5-Programmed cell death regulators: These molecules prevent a cell from committing suicide when it becomes abnormal.

7. Oncogenes and leukemia: Oncogenic activation, whether by translocation, sequence mutations, or gene amplification, provides tumor cells with a mechanism for unregulated gene expression and cellular proliferation. Leukemia stem cells (LSC) are thought to have been derived from haematopoietic stem cells (HSC)

9. :Leukaemia Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow that results due to the production of abnormal white blood cells (leukocytes) in very large numbers by the body

10. There are four main types of leukemia 1-acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) 2-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) 3-acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) 4-chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

11. Symptoms of leukemia: Symptoms of leukemia depend on how much the cancer has grown and may include: Bone pain. Joint pain. Headaches. Weakness and fatigue.

12. Diagnosis of Leukemia: Diagnosis by blood test: 1-Blood cell counts and blood cell examination 2-Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy 3-Blood chemistry tests 4-Lumbar puncture (spinal tap) 5-Routine microscopic examination

13. Diagnosis by Cytochemistry 1-Flow cytometry 2-Immunocytochemistry 3-Cytogenetics 4-Molecular genetic studies

15. Treatment of Leukemia: Treating of Leukemia cancer includes following therapies: 1-Transfusion of blood 2-Bone Marrow Transplantation 3-Chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy

16. Bone Marrow Transplantation