1. Related Pathways Anaerobic Pathways (4.4) & Alternatives To Glucose (4.3)

2. Anaerobic Pathways

3. What happens to pyruvate? fermentation is the anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to ethanol or lactic acid

4. Alcohol Fermentation

5. Lactate Fermentation

6. Products of Fermentation

7. Anaerobic Respiration many prokaryotes have electron transport chains on internal membrane systems terminal electron acceptor can be O 2 (aerobic) or other molecules (anaerobic) such as SO 4 2-, NO 3 -, Fe 3+

8. Alternatives to Glucose Related Pathways

9. larger carbohydrates, proteins and lipids can also be metabolized for energy by entering into a part of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

10. Related Pathways

11. Protein Catabolism proteins are digested into amino acids amino groups are then removed in a process called deamination

12. Protein Catabolism other chemical reactions will convert the remaining part of the amino acids into intermediates of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle

13. Protein Catabolism alanine, cysteine, glycine, serine, threonine pyruvate asparagine, aspartate oxaloacetate arginine, glutamate, glutamine, histidine, proline α-ketoglutarate isoleucine, methionine, valine succinyl-CoA leucine, lysine acetyl-CoA

14. Lipid Structure most of the fats digested by humans are triglycerides.

15. Lipid Catabolism triglycerides are first digested into glycerol and fatty acids glycerol is either converted into DHAP (then G3P), and enters glycolysis

16. Lipid Catabolism fatty acids are transported to the matrix of the mitochondria and undergo β- oxidation

17. β-oxidation the fatty acid chain is cleaved into 2- carbon acetyl groups, which are converted into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the Krebs cycle every cleavage uses one ATP and produces one NADH and one FADH 2

18. Related Pathways