1. HYPOXIA Bakalets Olena Valeriivna MD,Ph.D. Bakalets Olena Valeriivna MD, Ph.D.

3. HYPOXIA is typical pathological process, which arises owing to insufficient oxygen supply of tissues or insufficient use it by tissues is typical pathological process, which arises owing to insufficient oxygen supply of tissues or insufficient use it by tissues Types of hypoxia are  Hypoxic  Hemic  Circulational  Histotoxic

4. The hypoxic hypoxia is oxygen tension reduction in arterial blood The causes of hypoxic hypoxia are  the partial oxygen pressure decrease in inhaled air  Violation of respiratory  Mixing of arterial and venous blood

5. Mixing of arterial and venous blood

6. persisting Botall's duct

7. Mixing of arterial and venous blood Ventricular septal defect septal defect

8. Mixing of arterial and venous blood Atrialseptaldefect

9. Hemic hypoxia  Basis of this hypoxia type is decrease of blood oxygen capacity The forms: 1) anemic 2) toxic 2) toxic The causes of anemic form are  Bloodloss  Hemolysis of erythrocyte  Inhibition of erythropoiesis The causes of toxic form are  The formation of carboxyhaemoglobin  The formation of methemoglobin

10. The causes of formation of methemoglobin Hereditary (primary) methemoglobinemia  Synthesis of atypical hemoglobin  Formation of endogenous products that are oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin  Lack of enzyme systems that restore hemoglobin to methemoglobin

11. The causes of formation of methemoglobin Acquired (secondary) methemoglobinemia of action  nitrogen compounds (oxides, nitrites)  aminocompounds (aniline, hydroxylamine, phenylhydrazine, paraaminobenzoic acid)  oxidizers (chlorates, permanganates, pyridin, naphthalene)  oxy-restoring paint (methylene blue)  medications (novocaine, pilocarpine, phenacetin, barbiturates, aspirin, resorcin).

12. http://wn.com/carboxyhemoglobin#/videos

13. Circulatory hypoxia  Is resulting decrease speed in blood flow The causes are  Cardiovascular insufficiency  Local disorders of blood circulation

14. Histotoxic hypoxia  state when the tissue can not use oxygen The causes is  activity of respiratory enzyme decreases The function of respiratory enzyme in normal

15. The causes of decreased activity of respiratory enzyme

16. Characteristics of hypoxia different kinds Characteristics of hypoxia different kinds

17. The changes in carbohydrate metabolism are   Increased anaerobic glycolysis   Depletion of glycogen inventories in the liver   Accumulation of pyruvic and lactic acids in cells   Metabolic acidosis

18. The changes in protein metabolismare The changes in protein metabolism are   Inhibition of protein synthesis and acceleration of protein breakdown   The increase of a filtrate nitrogen in the blood   Ammonia accumulation

19. The changes in fat metabolism are   Intense breakdown of fats   Inhibition of fats synthesis   Accumulation of fatty acids in the tissues   Accumulation of keto acids in blood

20. Oxygen consumption О2О2 The organism – 0,38 ml/(min∙100 g) The human brain – 3,9 ml/(min∙100 g) The cerebral cortex – 10 ml/(min∙100 g)

21. Compensatory responses in state of hypoxia   The compensatory responses of an organism, which are directed to hypoxia removal are divided into four groups   respiratory   hemodynamic   blood   tissue

22. Compensatory responses in state of hypoxia 1.Respiratory reactions   hypoxic dyspnea 2. Hemodynamic responses   tachycardia   increase in stroke volume of blood   increase cardiac output   the blood flow acceleration   centralization of blood circulation

23. Compensatory responses 3. Hemodynamic responses   erythrocytosis   the increase of hemoglobin charge in erythrocytes   increasing the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen in the lungs and reduction of this affinity in the tissues 4. Tissue responses   the decrease of metabolism   activation of glycolysis   activation of respiratory chain enzymes

24. Adaptation to hypoxia

25. Thank you! Be healthy!