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Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Chapter 1 Cell Pathology Part 2
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2 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Outline of Cell Pathology Cell adaptations Atrophy, hypertrophy, metaplasia, intracellular, accumulation, aging Cell death Necrosis, apoptosis
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3 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cell Adaptations Occur as result of prolonged exposure to adverse or exaggerated normal stimuli Main forms of adaptation: Atrophy means cells wasting away from lack of use. Atrophy Hypertrophy means swelling of cells. Hypertrophy means increase in number of cells. Hyperplasia means increase in number of cells. Hyperplasia Metaplasia means replacing one cell type with another. Metaplasia Under some circumstances cells may accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances like lipids or proteins. Intracellular accumulation: Under some circumstances cells may accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances like lipids or proteins. Intracellular accumulation
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4 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Cellular Adaptations
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5 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Atrophy Decrease in size of cell, tissue, organ, or entire body: Physiologic & predictable: atrophy caused by aging Pathologic: lack of nutrition, chronic ischemia, denervation, inactivity. This happens when you break an arm and it stays in a cast for 6 – 8 weeks. The muscle atrophies and weakens. Recurrent physical therapy is required to regain the lost muscle mass and tone.
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6 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Atrophy of Brain G = gyri, S = sulci
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7 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.ISCHEMIA In medicine, ischemia, is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen and glucose needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive) medicinetissuesoxygenglucosecellular metabolismmedicinetissuesoxygenglucosecellular metabolism Ischemia is generally caused by problems with blood vessels, with resultant damage to or dysfunction of tissue. blood vessels blood vessels
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8 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Hypertrophy Hypertrophy: enlarged cells Hypertrophy of heart in hypertension Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles in bodybuilders Hypertrophy often combined with hyperplasia
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9 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Hypertrophy of Left Ventricle
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10 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Hyperplasia Increased number of cells in tissue or organ Endometrial hyperplasia caused by estrogen Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in elderly men Callus (corn) on hand (in some occupations) or on heels (high-heeled shoes, tight shoes) Hyperplastic polyps of intestine
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11 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Hyperplasia
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12 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Intracellular Accumulations Exogenous materials Coal particles (anthracosis) Endogenous metabolites Hemosiderin Lipids
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13 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Alcohol-Induced Fatty Liver
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14 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Death of a Cell Cell death occurs in two forms: 1. 1. Necrosis: localized death of cells or tissues in living organisms due to disease. 2. 2. Apoptosis: programmed death of single cells within living organisms
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15 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Types of Necrosis Coagulative necrosis: most common form Liquefactive necrosis: in brain Caseous necrosis: tuberculosis Enzymatic fat necrosis: acute pancreatitis
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16 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Necrosis
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17 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Coagulative Necrosis
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18 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Liquefactive Necrosis Often it is associated with focal bacterial or fungal infections. In liquefactive necrosis, the affected cell is completely digested by hydrolytic enzymes, resulting in a soft, circumscribed lesion consisting of pus and the fluid remains of necrotic tissue. Dead leukocytes will remain as a creamy yellow pus. [1] After the removal of cell debris by white blood cells, a fluid filled space is left. It is generally associated with abscess formation and is commonly found in the central nervous system.bacterialfungalhydrolytic [1]white blood cellsabscesscentral nervous system
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19 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Caseous necrosis is a form of cell death in which the tissue maintains a cheese-like appearance. The dead tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass. Tuberculosis
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20 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Dry Gangrene
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21 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Calcified Aortic Valve
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22 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Necrosis/Apoptosis Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death (PCD), whereas Necrosis is the premature death of cells and living tissue
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23 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Necrosis vs Apoptosis Apoptosis Necrosis NaturalYes caused by infection, toxins, or trauma EffectsBeneficialDetrimental Introduction Apoptosis programmed cell death (PCD) Naturally Necrosis is the premature death of cells and living tissue. result Can prevent tumor formation (homeostasis between cell death rate and mitosis rate) Necrosis results in inflammation, which could become chronic.
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24 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Apoptosis
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25 Copyright © 2012, 2006, 2000, 1996 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Apoptosis
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