1. 1 ABT WORK SOUTHERN REGION EXPERIENCE

2. 2 "If a path to the better there be, it begins with a full look at the worst." -- Thomas Hardy

3. 3 GRID OPERATION IN THE PAST LOW FREQUENCY PROBLEMS LOW FREQUENCY PROBLEMS FREQUENCY REMAINED AT 48 HZ AND BELOW FOR MOST PART FREQUENCY REMAINED AT 48 HZ AND BELOW FOR MOST PART LOW VOLTAGE OPERATION LOW VOLTAGE OPERATION VOLTAGE AT BANGALORE DIPPED TO AS LOW AS 300 Kv!!!! VOLTAGE AT BANGALORE DIPPED TO AS LOW AS 300 Kv!!!! FREQUENT GRID DISTURBANCES FREQUENT GRID DISTURBANCES A DISTURBANCE ALMOST EVERY MONTH A DISTURBANCE ALMOST EVERY MONTH IMMENSE FINANCIAL LOSSES FOR INDUSTRY IMMENSE FINANCIAL LOSSES FOR INDUSTRY LOADS FREQUENTLY CUT OFF DUE TO RELAY OPERATION LOADS FREQUENTLY CUT OFF DUE TO RELAY OPERATION INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES INCREASED ELECTRICAL LOSSES INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS INEFFICIENT OPERATION OF ELECTRIC EQUIPMENTS INEFFICIENT UTILISATION OF PIT HEAD PLANTS INEFFICIENT UTILISATION OF PIT HEAD PLANTS MERIT ORDER AND ECONOMY TAKE A BACKSEAT MERIT ORDER AND ECONOMY TAKE A BACKSEAT ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM ARCHAIC SETTLEMENT SYSTEM GRID OPERATION FOCUSSED ON FIRE-FIGHTING RATHER THAN OPTIMISATION AND ECONOMY GRID OPERATION FOCUSSED ON FIRE-FIGHTING RATHER THAN OPTIMISATION AND ECONOMY

4. 4 PROBLEMS IN THE PAST AN INSIGHT THE ‘LOGIC OF THE COMMONS’ WORKS AS LONG AS ‘THE COMMONS’ ARE VAST AND HAVE UNLIMITED RESOURCE THE ‘LOGIC OF THE COMMONS’ WORKS AS LONG AS ‘THE COMMONS’ ARE VAST AND HAVE UNLIMITED RESOURCE THE ‘LOGIC OF THE COMMONS’ BREAKS DOWN WHEN RESOURCES PER USER GETS CONSTRAINED THE ‘LOGIC OF THE COMMONS’ BREAKS DOWN WHEN RESOURCES PER USER GETS CONSTRAINED GAME THEORY ON THE OTHER HAND GIVES A VALUABLE INSIGHT INTO THE ‘PLAYERS’ IN THE COMMONS GAME THEORY ON THE OTHER HAND GIVES A VALUABLE INSIGHT INTO THE ‘PLAYERS’ IN THE COMMONS EVERY ‘PLAYER’ TRIES TO MAXIMISE HIS OWN PAYOFFS EVERY ‘PLAYER’ TRIES TO MAXIMISE HIS OWN PAYOFFS CONSEQUENTLY THE ‘COMMONS’ GETS DENUDED RAPIDLY CONSEQUENTLY THE ‘COMMONS’ GETS DENUDED RAPIDLY WE END UP WITH ‘THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS’ SCENARIO WE END UP WITH ‘THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS’ SCENARIO KNEE-JERK REGULATORY ACTIONS FOLLOW – MORE HARMFUL THAN SALUTARY KNEE-JERK REGULATORY ACTIONS FOLLOW – MORE HARMFUL THAN SALUTARY AN ASTONISHING PARALLEL CAN BE FOUND IN THE ‘ELECTRIC GRID’ AND ITS EQUILIBRIUM SCALAR-‘FREQUENCY’ AN ASTONISHING PARALLEL CAN BE FOUND IN THE ‘ELECTRIC GRID’ AND ITS EQUILIBRIUM SCALAR-‘FREQUENCY’

5. 5 FREQUENCY CONTROL FREQUENCY IS THE MESSENGER-NOT THE MESSAGE FREQUENCY IS THE MESSENGER-NOT THE MESSAGE FREQUENCY HAS TO BE COLLECTIVELY CONTROLLED AND DEMOCRATICALLY STABILISED FREQUENCY HAS TO BE COLLECTIVELY CONTROLLED AND DEMOCRATICALLY STABILISED

6. 6 BEHAVIOUR IN AN INTER-CONNECTED SYSTEM THE INTER CONNECTED OPERATION IS A PRECARIOUS ENTERPRISE, RARELY PERFECT, OFTEN FRAGILE AND SOMETIMES YOU WONDER IF IT IS WORTH THE EXPERIENCE THE INTER CONNECTED OPERATION IS A PRECARIOUS ENTERPRISE, RARELY PERFECT, OFTEN FRAGILE AND SOMETIMES YOU WONDER IF IT IS WORTH THE EXPERIENCE A PRUDENT CONSTITUENT SHOULD TAKE ACTION IMAGINING THAT HE IS ISLANDED – THEN THE GRID WILL COME TO HIS RESCUE A PRUDENT CONSTITUENT SHOULD TAKE ACTION IMAGINING THAT HE IS ISLANDED – THEN THE GRID WILL COME TO HIS RESCUE

7. 7 HOW DID ABT ADDRESS THE ‘CURSE OF THE COMMONS’? ABT DIS-INCENTIVISED GREED ABT DIS-INCENTIVISED GREED ABT RE-DEFINED HOW THE STAKEHOLDERS INTERACT WITH THE COMMONS ABT RE-DEFINED HOW THE STAKEHOLDERS INTERACT WITH THE COMMONS THE USERS OF THE COMMONS COULD BENEFIT FROM ‘TAKING’ AS WELL AS ‘GIVING’ TO THE COMMONS THE USERS OF THE COMMONS COULD BENEFIT FROM ‘TAKING’ AS WELL AS ‘GIVING’ TO THE COMMONS ABT OBVIATES THE NEED FOR ELABORATE REGULATORY MEASURES ABT OBVIATES THE NEED FOR ELABORATE REGULATORY MEASURES

8. 8 ABT AND THE NASH EQUILIBRIUM

9. 9 Basic Ideas of Game Theory GAME THEORY IS THE GENERAL THEORY OF STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR. GAME THEORY IS THE GENERAL THEORY OF STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR.  GENERALLY DEPICTED IN MATHEMATICAL FORM.  PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN MODERN ECONOMICS.

10. 10 Rules, Strategies, Payoffs, and Equilibrium ECONOMIC SITUATIONS ARE TREATED AS GAMES. ECONOMIC SITUATIONS ARE TREATED AS GAMES.  THE RULES OF THE GAME STATE WHO CAN DO WHAT, AND WHEN THEY CAN DO IT.  A PLAYER'S STRATEGY IS A PLAN FOR ACTIONS IN EACH POSSIBLE SITUATION IN THE GAME.

11. 11 Rules, Strategies, Payoffs, and Equilibrium ECONOMIC SITUATIONS ARE TREATED AS GAMES. ECONOMIC SITUATIONS ARE TREATED AS GAMES.  A PLAYER'S PAYOFF IS THE AMOUNT THAT THEPLAYER WINS OR LOSES IN A PARTICULAR SITUATION IN A GAME.  A PLAYERS HAS A DOMINANT STRATEGY IF THAT PLAYER'S BEST STRATEGY DOES NOT DEPEND ON WHAT OTHER PLAYERS DO.

12. 12 Nash Equilibrium OCCURS WHEN EACH PLAYER'S STRATEGY IS OPTIMAL, GIVEN THE STRATEGIES OF THE OTHER PLAYERS. OCCURS WHEN EACH PLAYER'S STRATEGY IS OPTIMAL, GIVEN THE STRATEGIES OF THE OTHER PLAYERS.  A PLAYER'S BEST RESPONSE (OR BEST STRATEGY) IS THE STRATEGY THAT MAXIMIZES THAT PLAYER'S PAYOFF, GIVEN THE STRATEGIES OF OTHER PLAYERS.  A NASH EQUILIBRIUM IS A SITUATION IN WHICH EACH PLAYER MAKES HIS OR HER BEST RESPONSE.

13. 13 THE INDIA ELECTRICITY MARKET TIME LINE REAL TIME 15 MT BLOCKS LONG TERM LOAD FORECAST FUND MOBILISATION 10-5 YEARS POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENTS CAPACITY COMMITTMENT 1-5 YEARS SHORT TERM LOAD FORECAST DAY-AHEAD SCHEDULING WEEK TO DAY AHEAD

14. 14 ABT AND GAME THEORY THE THREE GAMES LONG TERM CAPACITY BOOKING:- LONG TERM CAPACITY BOOKING:- ONE TIME GAME ONE TIME GAME DAY AHEAD SCHEDULING DAY AHEAD SCHEDULING SPOT MARKET (UI) SPOT MARKET (UI)

15. 15 THE BRASS TACKS

16. 16 IMPROVEMENTS IN GRID OPERATION POWER SYSTEM PARAMETERS POWER SYSTEM PARAMETERS FREQUENCY IMPROVED FREQUENCY IMPROVED FREQUENCY IMPROVED FREQUENCY IMPROVED VOLTAGES STABLE ACROSS THE GRID VOLTAGES STABLE ACROSS THE GRID VOLTAGES STABLE ACROSS THE GRID VOLTAGES STABLE ACROSS THE GRID OPTIMAL OPERATION OPTIMAL OPERATION LOSSES REDUCED BY 1-1.5 % THROUGHOUT THE GRID LOSSES REDUCED BY 1-1.5 % THROUGHOUT THE GRID LOSSES REDUCED BY 1-1.5 % THROUGHOUT THE GRID LOSSES REDUCED BY 1-1.5 % THROUGHOUT THE GRID SAVINGS OF ABOUT Rs 450 CRORES EVERY YEAR!!! SAVINGS OF ABOUT Rs 450 CRORES EVERY YEAR!!! NO MAJOR DISTURBANCE FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS NO MAJOR DISTURBANCE FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS NO MAJOR DISTURBANCE FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS NO MAJOR DISTURBANCE FOR THE PAST 2 YEARS SPECIAL PROTECTION SCHEME EVOLVED SPECIAL PROTECTION SCHEME EVOLVED ULDC HELPS SAVE MANY GRID DISTURBANCES ULDC HELPS SAVE MANY GRID DISTURBANCES ULDC HELPS SAVE MANY GRID DISTURBANCES ULDC HELPS SAVE MANY GRID DISTURBANCES MERIT ORDER OPERATION :- OPTIMISATION MERIT ORDER OPERATION :- OPTIMISATION MERIT ORDER OPERATION :- OPTIMISATION MERIT ORDER OPERATION :- OPTIMISATION

17. 17 IMPROVEMENTS IN GRID OPERATION HYDRO CONSERVATION HYDRO CONSERVATION HYDRO CONSERVATION HYDRO CONSERVATION HEALTHY RESERVOIR LEVELS HEALTHY RESERVOIR LEVELS USE HYDRO GENERATION FOR PEAKING AND RESERVE USE HYDRO GENERATION FOR PEAKING AND RESERVE PUMP MODE OPERATION AT KADAMPARAI PUMP MODE OPERATION AT KADAMPARAI PUMP MODE OPERATION AT KADAMPARAI PUMP MODE OPERATION AT KADAMPARAI TALCHER – KOLAR LINK TALCHER – KOLAR LINK INTER REGIONAL POWER :- 10530MUs/1600MW MAX INTER REGIONAL POWER :- 10530MUs/1600MW MAX UTILISATION OF COMMERCIAL MECHANISM UTILISATION OF COMMERCIAL MECHANISM TURNOVER OF 5143 MU ON UI WORTH MORE THAN 900 CRORES TURNOVER OF 5143 MU ON UI WORTH MORE THAN 900 CRORES COSTLY GENERATION REDUCED. COSTLY GENERATION REDUCED.

18. 18 IMPROVEMENTS IN THE SR GRID: AN ANALYSIS DEMAND vs FREQSCATTER DIAGRAMFREQ COMPARISION SCROLL FREQ HISTOGRAM3D FREQ JAN 2002VOLTAGE SCROLL3D FREQ JAN 20043D FREQ JAN 20033D DEMAND SR NOV-04

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20. 20 FREQUENCY PROFILE 2002, 2003 & 2004

21. 21 REALITY BITE: FARMERS IN KARNATAKA ARE HAPPY WITH FEWER HOURS OF QUALITY POWER!!. EFFICIENCY OF PUMPS AT TG HALLI WATER WORKS IMPROVED! COMPARISION OF BANGALORE VOLTAGE-TYPICAL DAY BETTER VOLTAGE PROFILE MEANS LESS ELECTRICAL LOSSES

22. 22 WATER SUPPLY TO BANGALORE LOW VOLTAGE PROBLEMS AROUND BANGALORE HAMPERED WATER SUPPLY EARLIER WITH BETTER VOLTAGE NOW, PUMPING EFFICIENCY HAS IMPROVED 400 KV STATION AT MYSORE BEING COMMISSIONED ON WAR FOOTING TO FURTHER FORTIFY THIS PART OF THE GRID PUMPING LOSSES REDUCED ENORMOUS SAVINGS TO THE STATE MOTOR BURNING AND MAINTENANCE COSTS ALSO CAME DOWN DRASTICALLY

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25. 25 MERIT ORDER : UNITS BOXED UP POWER STATIONSTATE CAPACITY(MW) FUEL VARIABLE COST TATA DIESELKARNATAKA 79 DIESEL308 RAYALSEEMA DGPPKARNATAKA 27 DIESEL360 YELEHANKA DIESELKARNATAKA 128 DIESEL314 THANRBHAVIKARNATAKA 220 NAPTHA325 SUB-TOTAL 454 BRAHAMPURAM DPPKERALA 107 DIESEL275 BSESKERALA 157 NAPTHA308 KASARGODE PCLKERALA 22 NAPTHA298 KAYAMKULAMKERALA 360 NAPTHA322 SUB-TOTAL 646 BASIN BRIDGETAMIL NADU 120 NAPTHA584 P.P.NALLURTAMIL NADU 330 NAPTHA415 SUB-TOTAL 450 TOTAL 1550

26. 26 OPTIMAL RESERVOIR UTILISATION IDUKKI IN KERALA KERALA SAVED RS 50 CRORES BY EFFICIENT UTILISATION OF THE RESERVOIRS AT IDUKKI! POWERGRIDs 400 KV MADURAI- TRIVANDRUM LINE WILL HELP KERALA SAVE EVEN MORE ENERGY IN THE COMING YEAR PLANT OPERATORS AT IDUKKI THINK OF THE RESERVOIR LEVEL IN RUPEES RATHER THAN IN FEET!!! Rs.

27. 27 KADAMPARAI PUMP OPERATION GENERATOR MODE PUMP SAVINGS OF RS 40 LAKHS EVERY DAY INVESTMENT OF 1600 CRORES SAVED

28. 28 HARNESSING DIVERSITY AN EXAMPLE IN CENTRAL GRID WESTERN REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION WESTERN REGION NORTH- EASTERN REGION EASTERN REGION AT 1830 HRS AT 2000 HRS 600 MW 1200 MW EASTERN REGION HELPS WESTERN REGION WESTERN REGION HELPS EASTERN REGION

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31. 31 HVDC STATION KOLAR (KARNATAKA ) TALCHER ORISSA ) TALCHER KOLAR HVDC LINE LENGTH:1400 KMS

32. 32 TALCHER KOLAR LINK ONE OF THE LONGEST HVDC LINES IN THE WORLD ONE OF THE LONGEST HVDC LINES IN THE WORLD DESIGNED TO EVACUATE 2000 MW DESIGNED TO EVACUATE 2000 MW COMMISSIONED IN ADVANCE TO UTILISE NON- PEAK SURPLUS POWER OF EASTERN REGION COMMISSIONED IN ADVANCE TO UTILISE NON- PEAK SURPLUS POWER OF EASTERN REGION COMMISSIONED 9 MONTHS AHEAD OF SCHEDULE COMMISSIONED 9 MONTHS AHEAD OF SCHEDULE COST INCURRED Rs 3,100 CRORES AGAINST APPROVED COST OF Rs 3,866 CRORES:- SAVING OF NEARLY 800 CRORE RUPEES COST INCURRED Rs 3,100 CRORES AGAINST APPROVED COST OF Rs 3,866 CRORES:- SAVING OF NEARLY 800 CRORE RUPEES THE PROJECT HAS USED APPROXIMATELY 90,000 TONNES OF STEEL AND 16,000 KM OF CABLES THE PROJECT HAS USED APPROXIMATELY 90,000 TONNES OF STEEL AND 16,000 KM OF CABLES

33. 33 ULDC-THE EYES AND EARS OF THE SYSTEM OPERATOR ALL CONSTITUENTS GET THE SAME DATA IN REAL TIME. ALL CONSTITUENTS GET THE SAME DATA IN REAL TIME. TRANSPARENCY. TRANSPARENCY. SYNERGY IN OPERATION. SYNERGY IN OPERATION. QUANTUM LEAP IN VISIBILITY TO OPERATOR. QUANTUM LEAP IN VISIBILITY TO OPERATOR. INCREASED CONFIDENCE. INCREASED CONFIDENCE. FOCUS ON SECURITY AND ECONOMY. FOCUS ON SECURITY AND ECONOMY. INCREASED SCOPE FOR TRANSACTIONS WITH OTHER REGIONS INCREASED SCOPE FOR TRANSACTIONS WITH OTHER REGIONS PREMPTIVE, DYNAMIC “EARLY WARNING” SYSTEMS. PREMPTIVE, DYNAMIC “EARLY WARNING” SYSTEMS. GRID LESS VULNERABLE TO DISTURBANCES. GRID LESS VULNERABLE TO DISTURBANCES. ACCURATE AND EASY ANALYSIS OF GRID INCIDENTS ACCURATE AND EASY ANALYSIS OF GRID INCIDENTS FASTER RESTORATION AFTER PERTURBATION FASTER RESTORATION AFTER PERTURBATION COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. COMPREHENSIVE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNCTIONS. PROJECT COST:Rs 6840 MILLION ----COMPLETED SIX MONTHS AHEAD

34. 34 HVDC STATION KOLAR (KARNATAKA ) TALCHER ORISSA ) SASARAM PROJECT RAIPUR-ROURKELA

35. 35 Generation PLF (Thermal) ER Utility2002-03 % PLF 2003-04 % increase DVC394412 Orissa647517 WBPDCL55562 CESC68725 DPL405641 NTPC687612 Region52568

36. 36 Generation Performance ER Utility2002-03(MU)2003-04(MU) % increase Orissa93881310739% West Bengal 26062283578% DVC8939984510% NTPC204582263511% Region (TH) 59841646378% Region(Hyd)4657741359% Region( Tot) 645067205611%

37. 37 HOW DID THE LOSSES GET REDUCED IN THE SOUTHERN REGION? VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT IS THE MAIN REASON VOLTAGE IMPROVEMENT IS THE MAIN REASON POWER = VOLTAGE X CURRENT POWER = VOLTAGE X CURRENT LOSS ≈ CURRENT 2 LOSS ≈ CURRENT 2 FOR EXAMPLE FOR EXAMPLE 440 W = 220 VOLTS X 2 AMPS 440 W = 220 VOLTS X 2 AMPS LOSS ≈ 4 WATTS LOSS ≈ 4 WATTS 440 W = 160 VOLTS X 2.75 AMPS ( AT REDUCED VOLTAGE) 440 W = 160 VOLTS X 2.75 AMPS ( AT REDUCED VOLTAGE) LOSS ≈ 7.6 WATTS ( NEARLY DOUBLE!) LOSS ≈ 7.6 WATTS ( NEARLY DOUBLE!)

38. 38 765 KV RING MAIN SYSTEM THE POWER ‘HIGHWAY’ CHEAP HYDRO POWER FROM THE NORTH-EAST AND PIT HEAD THERMAL POWER FROM THE EAST ENTERS THE RING AND EXITS TO POWER STARVED REGIONS

39. 39 MAJOR AND MINOR DISTURBANCES SINCE 1994 NO DISTURBANCES DESPITE LOSING ENTIRE SUPER GENERATING PLANTS LIKE RAMAGUNDAM,VIJAYAWADA,KOTHAGUDEM, NORTH CHENNAI, SHARAVATHY ETC

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41. 41 DEEP VALLEY SHARP PEAK