1. Operant conditioning Learning by consequences

2. Ratatouille Ratatouille is hungry and performs various exploratory behaviours By chance he presses the lever A pellet of food appears! I’ll do that again

3. Some definitions.... Reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated Positive reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are pleasant when they happen i.e. food for Ratatouille Negative reinforcement : Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by removal of something unpleasant.

4. Some definitions.... Positive punishment : Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences that are unpleasant. Negative punishment : Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by taking something pleasant away. Punishment : Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated by using consequences.

5. Operant Conditioning

6. Primary and secondary reinforcement Read about primary and secondary reinforcers, define the terms primary and secondary reinforcements and complete the table. Primary reinforcersSecondary reinforcers Food when hungryMoney

7. Real world application Describe how operant conditioning is used in the real world: 1) to train a dog to sit 2) through token economy in a prison

8. Shaping Shaping is used to improve and modify behaviours until a satisfactory standard has been achieved. How do we learn language? Using the concept of shaping, describe this process. (4 marks)

9. Schedules of reinforcement When and how often we reinforce a behaviour can have a significant impact on the strength and rate of the response. 2 types of schedules Continuous reinforcement: the desired behaviour is reinforced every single time it occurs. Continuous reinforcement Partial reinforcement: the response is reinforced only part of the time. Partial reinforcement

10. 1.Fixed ratio schedules: the response is reinforced only after a specified number of responses.Fixed ratio schedules 2.Variable-ratio schedules occur when a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses.Variable-ratio schedules 3.Fixed-interval schedules the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsedFixed-interval schedules 4.Variable-interval schedules occur when a response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed.Variable-interval schedules

11. Which schedule of reinforcement produces the fastest learning?

12. Match them to the schedules of reinforcement: Due to varied time they don’t know when the reward will come so the schedule is successful and extinction is slow Once the schedule is learnt they may pause between rewards knowing that nothing will happen, extinction is quite quick. Due to uncertainty of rewards it is successful and resistant to extinction. Not very successful – rats speed up their response just before the next reward is due. Extinction is quick too. Example: Thanked every time you wash a car Example: Factory work, i.e. a pound for every 10 toys made. Example might be monthly pay. A bell goes off at random times in the classroom. Tina is rewarded if she is "on task” The "pay out" of money on the slot/poker machines/"one armed bandits" on which people gamble at casinos.

13. Applying theory Complete the Operant Conditioning quiz

14. Summary… The schedule of reinforcement will determine how long the acquired behaviour will last. Shaping is used to improve and modify behaviours until a satisfactory standard has been achieved. Primary reinforcers satisfy a need and secondary reinforcers either represent or can be exchanged for a primary reinforcer.

15. Define the following key words (2 marks each): Primary and Secondary Reinforcement Positive and Negative Reinforcement Spontaneous recovery Extinction Conditioned response Stimulus Generalisation Positive and Negative Punishment Shaping Schedules of reinforcement