2. Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of ReproductionMethodsAdvantagesDisadvantages Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Internal fertilizationDiversity in offspring Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Requires a mate to reproduce Population increases are limited External fertilization Conjugation Asexual 1 parent BuddingCan increase populations rapidly Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Lack of diversity in offspring Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Spores Fission

3. Definitions: - Diversity in offspring > def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each individual in the population - offspring less likely to have mutations show up > def. – Mutation – changes in DNA

4. ~ Body Plans ~ Animals that are irregular in shape or have no shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

5. ~ Body Plans ~ An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. (like a pizza) An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. (like humans)

6. Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

7. ~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group

8. Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Porifera - Simplest animals -can regenerate body parts -has no symmetry Sponges Asexual Cnidaria -2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) -Have tentacles -have stinging cells called nematocyst Jellyfish Hydra Asexual Platyhelminthes -Can regenerate -most are parasitesparasites -have flat ribbon like bodies -Bilateral symmetry Planaria **Planaria Flukes Flatworms Sexual or Asexual Invertebrates

9. Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics ExamplesType of Reproduction Nematoda -round, tubular bodies -Most are parasites -have both a mouth and anus -Bilateral symmetry Roundworms Pinworms Hook Worms Sexual Mollusca -Broad Muscular foot -Layer of tissue called mantle -Have hard shells and soft bodies -Live on land and in the water Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods Snails Slugs Clams Oysters Squids Octopuses Sexual Annelida -Segmented worms -Body divided into segments(sections) -Live in water or underground -have a nervous and circulatory system Segmented worms Earthworm Bristle Worms Leeches Sexual (majority) Asexual

10. Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Echinodermata Endoskeleton covered with spines Starfish Sea Urchins Sand Dollar Asexual Invertebrates (cont’d)

11. Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Anthropods -Jointed Legs -Segmented body parts -Exoskeleton -Head and well- developed brain Centipedes Millipedes Sexual Crustaceans Sexual Arachnids Sexual Insects Sexual Invertebrates (cont’d)

12. Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video) (Video

13. ~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

14. Cnidarians –2 basic body shapes –Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) - Reproduction: Asexual

15. Platyhelminthes Can regenerate some are parasites Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual

16. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Planaria  eyespots detect light  food and waste go in and out the same opening

17. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Tapeworm  Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food

18. ~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~  Examples: Fluke  parasite  lives inside of host

19. ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~  2 different shapes  Medusa - like a jellyfish  Polyp - like a hydra

20. ~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

21. Nematodes Most are parasites Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms Reproduction: Sexual

22. Mollusks - Broad Muscular foot - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells - Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods - Gills - Examples: Complex ganglia,Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses - Reproduction: SEXUAL

23. ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda –snails and slugs –may have 1 shell –stomach-footed - move on stomach

25. ~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Examples: –Hookworm –Trichinella

26. Annelids Closed Circulatory System Skin Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm,Leeches Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL

27. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class Earthworms eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

28. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ »Class bristleworms

29. ~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class leeches parasites that feed on blood of other animals

30. ~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves –2 shells hinged together –clams, oysters, scallops and mussels

31. Echinoderms Endoskeleton covered with spines use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen Examples: starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar Reproduction: Asexual

32. ~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

33. Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton -- Head and well-developed brain - Reproduction: SEXUAL

34. ~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Class Pycnogonida –Sea spider

40. ~Chordata (Vertebrates)~ 1 main phylum Have backbones, and once had a notochord 5% of all animals are in this phylum 5 classes Fish Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds

41. Levels of Organization

42. ATOMS Smallest part of matter NON-living

43. Molecules 2 or more bonded atoms Form compounds NON-living

44. Macromolecule Very large molecules Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids NON-living

45. Organelles “Tiny organs” Made of macromolecules

46. Cell Made of organelles Basic unit of structure & function LIVING

47. Tissue The same kind cell working together Living

48. Organs Tissues that work together Living

49. Systems Organs that work together Living

50. Organism Entire living things (organisms) Usually made of systems May be a single cell Living

51. Population Same type of organism living together

52. Community Several populations living together Population interact

53. Ecosystem A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

54. Biome Similar ecosystems on earth together

55. Biosphere Whole living layer around the globe Includes abiotic features http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html

56. Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

57. Review What are Invertebrates? Animals without a backbone What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? Population increases are limited/requires mate

58. Review Cont’d What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? Increases population rapidly/no mate needed What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? Reproduce offspring identical to parents No diversity Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)? both

59. The End.