1. RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 12-3 © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved

2. RNA- the Other Nucleic Acid Also made of ___________ Sugar is _______ instead of deoxyribose. RNA is _________ stranded Contains _________ instead of thymine. NUCLEOTIDES RIBOSE SINGLE URACIL http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg

3. 3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS _________________RNA (rRNA) Combines with proteins to form ribosomes _________________RNA (tRNA) Matches m-RNA codon to add correct amino acids during protein synthesis _________________RNA (mRNA) carries code from DNA to ribosomes rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif RIBOSOMAL TRANSFER MESSENGER

4. RNA DNA RNA polymerase Figure 12–14 Transcription Section 12-3 Adenine (DNA and RNA) Cystosine (DNA and RNA) Guanine(DNA and RNA) Thymine (DNA only) Uracil (RNA only) Enzyme called _____________________ separates strands, then uses one strand as a template to assemble an RNA copy. RNA POLYMERASE

5. How does RNA POLYMERASE know where a gene starts and stops? Enzyme binds to places with specific DNA sequences called _______________. PROMOTERS tell _________________ where to start. Signals at the end of the gene code cause transcription to _____. PROMOTERS http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg RNA POLYMERASE stop

6. See a video clip about TRANSCRIPTION (12C)12C Video 3 See another transcription animation Transcription animation

7. ACTIVITY TRANSCRIPTION of DNA

8. NON CODING DNA More than 90% of human DNA Originally called ______________ REGULATION- Turn genes on/off TELOMERES - protective ends ____________- pieces edited out of message PSEUDOGENES - non functional genes due to mutations VIRAL ELEMENTS - Leftovers from viral infections ________________ “JUNK” DNA INTRONS TRANSPOSONS

9. mRNA’s require EDITING before use Image by Riedell

10. EX: antibody production Immune system needs to be able to make a huge number of different different antibodies to match new and different invaders http://www.sciencegeek.net/Biology/review/graphics/Unit8/Antibody.gif http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_bjeC1CyB28w/TOijgcetVjI/AAAAAAAAAvo/0hPZmygfSZo/s1600/colourful_cartoon_germs_bumper_sticker-p128396365988627252trl0_400.jpg

11. TRANSPOSONS ____________ genes Can move from one place to another 1 st described by Barbara McClintock in corn Environmental stress increases jumping Can move genes to new site Increase mutation rate http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v443/n7111/images/443521a-i1.0.jpghttp://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/images/mcclintock_05.jpg “Jumping”

12. IT’S NOT “JUNK”! Allows same gene to be used in different ways in different kinds of cells. Differences in organisms are more about differences in regulation than in genes themselves Role in evolution? Small changes in genes can have a big effect Mutations give natural selection new choices

13. MASTER PLAN DNA stays safe in nucleus TRANSCRIPTION (DNA → RNA) & PROCESSING takes place in nucleus TRANSLATION (RNA → proteins) takes place on ribosomes in cytoplasm © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved “Blueprints” of master plan are carried to building site http://www.home-improvement-resource.com/images/architect.jpg

14. HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS? Message is read in groups of 3 = _________ UCGCACGGU UCG-CAC-GGU CODON Codons represent different amino acids Serine- Histidine- Glycine

15. The m-RNA Code Section 12-3 64 possible codons Some amino acids have more than one codon. START= _______ 3 codons for _____ AUG STOP

16. ___________ on tRNA matches up with ________ on mRNA Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved ANTICODON CODON EACH tRNA carries only one kind of _____________ amino acid

17. Figure 12–18 Translation Section 12-3

18. Figure 12–18 Translation (continued) Section 12-3

19. See a video clip about PROTEIN SYNTHESIS (12D)12D Video 4 SEE ANOTHER Translation Animation TRANSLATION VIDEO TRANSLATION VIDEO (Choose Large video)

20. GENES & PROTEINS Proteins are the connection between the gene code in the DNA and how that gene is expressed. A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein) to make a pigment can control the color of a flower. A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein) adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins to produce your blood type. Enzymes catalyze and regulate chemical reactions so proteins build and operate all cell components. Mendel/flower images from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html Blood cell by Riedell

21. DNA → DNA ____________ DNA → RNA ____________ RNA → Protein ___________ REPLICATION TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION

22. fromtoto make up Concept Map Section 12-3 also calledwhich functions toalso called which functions to can be

23. fromtoto make up Concept Map Section 12-3 also calledwhich functions toalso called which functions to can be RNA Messenger RNA Ribosomal RNA Transfer RNA mRNACarry instructions rRNA Combine with proteins tRNA Bring amino acids to ribosome DNARibosomeRibosomes