1. Non-Accidental Trauma (NAT) in Pediatric Patients Steven Frick, MD Original Author: Michael Wattenbarger, MD; March 2004 New Author: Steven Frick, MD; Revised August 2006

2. Caffey,1946 6 Children with chronic Subdurals and long bone fractures Investigation of infants with long bone fx’s and subdural hematoma

3. Battered Child Syndrome Kempe, 1962 Resulted in increased public awareness

4. Myth Easy to recognize child with NAT

5. Recognition of NAT Important Unrecognized and return to home - 25% risk of serious injury, 5% risk of death Recognize and get child into safe environment Abuse second leading cause of mortality in infants and children

6. How Widespread a Problem? 1 - 1.5% of children are abused per year 70,000 - 2,000,000 children are abused annually in US.

7. Quoted Risk Factors for NAT Young First born children Premature infants Disabled children Stepchildren

8. Quoted Risk Factors for NAT Single-parent homes Drug - abusing parents Families with low income Children of parents who were abused

9. Signs of NAT Inconsistent history of injury Delay in presentation Reported mechanism of injury insufficient to explain injury Parents/caregivers may be hostile or indifferent

10. Evaluation Team approach helpful - pediatrician, medical social worker, subspecialties, law enforcement, government child protection agencies Orthopaedic surgeon may be alone in recognition and documentation

11. Risk Factors Children of all ages, socioeconomic backgrounds, family types may be subjects of abuse Up to 65% may have only isolated long bone fracture

12. Child Abuse - Epidemiology >1 million children/year are victims of abuse and/or neglect >1,200 deaths/year Fractures are 2nd most common presentation of physical abuse 1/3 of abused children eventually seen by orthopaedic surgeon

13. Child Maltreatment - 1995 Study Neglect 52% Physical abuse 25% Sexual abuse 13% Emotional maltreatment 5% Medical neglect 3%

14. Child Maltreatment >50% - < 7 years old 26% < 4 years old Most maltreated children abused by birth parents Over 50% involve substance abuse by parents

15. Fractures in Abused Children 25-50% of children with documented NAT will have fx’s 31% of child NAT victims had fx’s

16. Isolated Long Bone Fracture Loder, JPO 1991 Most common orthopaedic presentation of children with NAT - 65% of children with fx’s Only 13% of children with fractures presented with multiple fractures in different stages of healing

17. NAT Fx Pattern Most are similar to accidental trauma fracture patterns Must rely on other factors, history, physical examination, etc... Age of child with specific fx’s

18. Associated Features of NAT Multiple fractures in different stages of healing Soft tissue injuries - bruising, burns Intraabdominal injuries Intracranial injuries

19. Flags for NAT AGE of Patient History Social Situation Other injuries (current and past) Specific injuries/ fractures

20. Age of Battered Children

21. Who is at Risk? Most children with NAT fractures - age of < 3 years

22. Who’s at Risk? Most femur fx’s in children who are < 1 yo of age are from NAT (60-70%) Most femur fx’sin children > 1 yo accidental

23. Features that Increase Chance of NAT Inappropriate clinical hx Failure to seek medical attention Discovery of fx in healing state

24. History Is the injury consistent with the explanation given? Is the explanation consistent with the child’s level of development? Does the story change between caregivers? between child and caregiver?

25. History Has there been a delay in seeking medical treatment? Is the parent reluctant to give an explanation? Drug or alcohol abuse? Parents in abusive relationships?

26. History Is the affect inappropriate between the child and the parents? (lack of concern, overly concerned) Poor compliance with past medical treatment Adults were victims of child abuse Families under stress (loss of job, etc..)

27. History - Associated Risks Children born to adolescent parents Children who suffer from colic The abused child may be overly compliant and passive or extremely aggressive Role reversal

28. Physical Examination Undress the child Look for areas of bruising Bruises at different stages of healing

29. Physical Examination Careful search for signs of acute or chronic trauma Sign - bruises, abrasions, burns Head - examine for skull trauma, palpate fontanelles if open, consider funduscopic exam for retinal hemorrhage Trunk - palpate rib cage, abdomen Extremities - careful palpation Genitalia – consider exam for sexual abuse

30. Fractures Commonly seen in NAT - High Specificity Femur fracture in child < 1 year old Humeral shaft fracture in < 3 year old Sternal fractures Metaphyseal corner (bucket-handle) fractures Posterior rib fxs Digit fractures in nonambulatory children

31. Radiographic W/U Skeletal survey for children with suspicion of NAT “Babygram” not sufficient as does not provide necessary detail to identify fractures

32. 2 yo Girl with Proximal and Distal Humerus Fx, L2-L3 Fx-Dislocation

33. Radiographic Work-Up Skeletal survey AP/LAT skull, AP/LAT axial skeleton and trunk, AP bilateral arms, forearms, hands, thighs, legs, feet Repeat skeletal survey at 1-2 weeks can be helpful

34. Fractures in Different Stages of Healing

35. Bone Scan Usually reserved for highly suspicious cases with negative skeletal survey Good at picking up rib fx’s and vertebral fx’s Repeat bone scan at 2 weeks can identify occult injuries

36. Radiographic Findings in NAT Fracture pattern not specific (spiral, transverse, etc.) Multiple fractures at different stages of healing highly specific

37. Myths Spiral Fractures have a high association with NAT Actually commonly seen accidental fx pattern

38. Fracture Types Transverse Most common in NAT Also very common Accidental

39. Fracture Types Spiral can occur accidently Spiral only 8-36% of fx’s in NAT series Toddlers fx common accidental injury

40. Corner Fractures Traction/rotation mechanism of injury Planar fracture through primary spongiosa, creates disklike fragment of bone/cartilage, thicker at periphery

41. Metaphyseal or Bucket Handle Fx’s Pathognomonic of NAT

42. Metaphyseal or Bucket Handle Fx’s Mechanism – traction and twisting Planar injuries through the primary spongiosum May be picked up at autopsy when not seen on x-ray

43. Metaphyseal Bucket Handle Fx

44. Frequent NAT Fx’s and Accidental Fx’s Mid clavicular fx’s Simple linear skull fx’s Single diaphyseal fx’s

45. Humerus Fx’s Diaphyseal fx’s in children < 3 yo are very suggestive of NAT!!!!!!!

46. Humerus Fx’s Most common fx in some series Supracondylar fx’s common in accidental trauma Transphyseal fx’s - high association with NAT

47. Transphyseal Humerus Common in NAT Line up radial shaft intersects capitellum, but capitellum displaced from distal humerus

48. Transphyseal Distal Humerus Fracture

49. Management - NAT Suspected Professional, tactful, nonjudgmental approach in initial encounter and workup Explain workup to parents as standard approach to specific ages/injury patterns Early involvement of child protection team if available Early contact/involvement of child’s primary care physician

50. Management - Documentation Many cases result in medical records becoming part of legal record Carefully document history, physical exam and radiographic findings Document evidence supporting physical abuse Document statement regarding level of certainty of abuse

51. Legal Aspects of NAT All states require reporting of suspected cases of abuse by medical professionals Need only reasonable suspicion to report suspected maltreatment Law affords immunity from civil or criminal liability for reporting in good faith

52. Differential Diagnosis - NAT Fractures Accidental trauma Osteogenesis Imperfecta Metabolic Bone Disease (rickets, etc.) Birth trauma Physiologic periostitis

53. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type II and III obvious bony disease Type I family history and blue sclera Remember blue sclera may be normal until 4 yrs of age

54. Osteogenesis Imperfecta Type IV heterogenous with mild to moderate disease With no family hx; blue sclera, or wormian bones the chance of a new mutation is 1 in 3 million

55. Summary Isolated diaphyseal fx’s common in NAT and accidental trauma Remember other factors, history, physical examination

56. Summary Humerus diaphyseal fx’s < 3 yo are almost always associated with NAT Femur fx’s < 1 yo are usually due to NAT

57. 2 month old- Femoral Shaft Fx Treated with Pavlik Harness Immobilization

58. Summary Spiral fx is a common accidental fx pattern & is not present more frequently in NAT Risk or reabuse is 35% and risk of death 5- 10% Return to Pediatrics Index E-mail OTA about Questions/Comments If you would like to volunteer as an author for the Resident Slide Project or recommend updates to any of the following slides, please send an e-mail to ota@aaos.orgota@aaos.org