1. End Show Slide 1 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chapter 9 pgs:220-232gy

2. End Show Slide 2 of 39 DO NOW!!! Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Collect notes from counter. Write down homework assignment What element makes up most of the mass of this Giant Sequoia? Where did this element come from?

3. End Show Slide 3 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 Chemical Pathways

4. End Show Slide 4 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 Chemical Pathways Food serves as a source of raw materials for the cells in the body and as a source of energy. Animal Plant Animal Cells Plant Cells Mitochondrion

5. End Show Slide 5 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Cellular Respiration Both plant and animal cells carry out Cellular Respiration in the mitochondria. Animal Cells Plant Cells Mitochondrion Outer membrane Intermembrane space Inner membrane Matrix

6. End Show 9-1 Chemical Pathways Slide 6 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration What is cellular respiration?

7. End Show 9-1 Chemical Pathways Slide 7 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down _glucose and other food molecules in the presence of _oxygen and produces useable energy (ATP)

8. End Show Slide 8 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration The equation for cellular respiration is: 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + 36 ATP What is the word equation? Oxygen + Glucose → Carbon Dioxide + Water +Energy

9. End Show Slide 9 of 39 Overview of cellular respiration Three stages of cellular respiration: PART 1: Glycolysis: 1. Location: happens in the cytoplasm 2. Produces 2 ATP PART 2: Kreb’s cycle: 1.Location: Happens inside the mitochondria 2.Produces 2 ATP PART 3: Electron Transport Chain: 1.Location: Happens inside the mitochondria 2.Produces 32 ATP Total ATP produced = 36 ATP Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

10. End Show Slide 10 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Mitochondrion Electrons carried in NADH Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Glucose Glycolysis

11. End Show Slide 11 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis

12. End Show Slide 12 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Chapter 8 section 8-1 Information about ATP structure and function are in chapter 8 section 8-1

13. End Show Slide 13 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Energy comes in many forms including light, heat, and electricity. Energy can be stored in chemical compounds, too.

14. End Show 8-1 Energy And Life Slide 14 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP An important chemical compound that cells use to store and release energy is adenosine triphosphate, abbreviated ATP. ATP is used by all types of cells as their basic energy source. This is a USEABLE form of energy.

15. End Show Slide 15 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP ATP consists of: adenine ribose (a 5-carbon sugar) 3 phosphate groups Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

16. End Show Slide 16 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy Energy is stored in ATP by forming chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. P

17. End Show Slide 17 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Releasing Energy Energy stored in ATP is released by breaking the chemical bond between the second and third phosphates. P ADP 2 Phosphate groups

18. End Show Slide 18 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP forming ___ATP___ ADP ATP Energy Partially charged battery Fully charged battery + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

19. End Show Slide 19 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP Storing Energy ADP has two phosphate groups instead of three. A cell can store small amounts of energy by adding a phosphate group to ADP forming ATP ADP ATP Energy Partially charged battery Fully charged battery + Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

20. End Show 8-1 Energy And Life Slide 20 of 20 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP What is the role of ATP in cellular activities?

21. End Show Slide 21 of 20 8-1 Energy And Life Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Chemical Energy and ATP The energy from ATP is needed for many cellular activities, including active transport across cell membranes, protein synthesis and muscle contraction. ATP’s characteristics make it exceptionally useful as the basic energy source of all cells.

22. End Show Slide 22 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Overview of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm. The Krebs cycle and electron transport take place in the mitochondria. Cytoplasm Mitochondrion

23. End Show Slide 23 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Where is ATP made? During the three phases of cellular respiration: 1.Glycolysis (net gain of 2 ATP) 1.Location: _Cytoplasm_________ 2.Kreb’s Cycle (2 ATP) 1.Location: Mitochondria 3.Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP) 1.Location: Mitochondria Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

24. End Show 9-1 Chemical Pathways Slide 24 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Glycolysis What happens during the process of glycolysis?

25. End Show Slide 25 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Glycolysis ATP Production At the beginning of glycolysis, the cell uses up 2 molecules of ATP to start the reaction. 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid 2 ATP Glucose

26. End Show Slide 26 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Glycolysis This gives the cell a net gain of 2 ATP molecules. 4 ADP 4 ATP Glucose 2 ADP 2 ATP 2 Pyruvic acid

27. End Show Slide 27 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Glycolysis The Advantages of Glycolysis The process of glycolysis is so fast that cells can produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few milliseconds. Glycolysis does not require oxygen, but it does require ____glucose__________________.

28. End Show Slide 28 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 The raw materials required for cellular respiration are a.carbon dioxide and oxygen. b.glucose and water. c.glucose and oxygen. d.carbon dioxide and water.

29. End Show Slide 29 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 Glycolysis occurs in the a.mitochondria. b.cytoplasm. c.nucleus. d.chloroplasts.

30. End Show Slide 30 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 The net gain of ATP molecules after glycolysis is a.3 ATP molecules. b.2 ATP molecules. c.3 pyruvic acid molecules. d.4 pyruvic acid molecules

31. End Show 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Slide 31 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Oxygen is required for the final steps of cellular respiration. 1.Kreb’s cycle (2 ATP) 2.Electron Transport Chain (32 ATP) Because the pathways of cellular respiration require oxygen, they are aerobic. Long term energy production requires oxygen to be present.

32. End Show 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Slide 32 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Totals Glycolysis produces just _2___ ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. The complete breakdown of glucose through cellular respiration, including glycolysis, results in the production of 36 molecules of ATP.

33. End Show 9-2 The Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Slide 33 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration The energy flows in photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in opposite directions.

34. End Show Slide 34 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Fermentation What happens if oxygen is NOT present? Can you still make ATP? Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

35. End Show Slide 35 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation When oxygen is not present, glycolysis is followed by a different pathway. The combined process of this pathway and glycolysis is called fermentation.

36. End Show Slide 36 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen. Fermentation allows for short term energy production in the absence of oxygen.

37. End Show Slide 37 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation During fermentation, glycolysis can produce a steady supply of ATP. Fermentation does not require oxygen—it is an anaerobic process.

38. End Show 9-1 Chemical Pathways Slide 38 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation What are the two main types of fermentation?

39. End Show Slide 39 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Yeasts and a few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes. The equation for alcoholic fermentation after glycolysis is: pyruvic acid + NADH → alcohol + CO 2 + NAD + (ex: production of bread)

40. End Show Slide 40 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation In many cells, pyruvic acid that accumulates as a result of glycolysis can be converted to lactic acid. This type of fermentation is called lactic acid fermentation. Ex: your muscles or bacteria (how we get yogurt)

41. End Show Slide 41 of 39 9-1 Chemical Pathways Overview of aerobic and anaerobic Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

42. End Show Slide 42 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-2 To generate energy over long periods, the body must use a.stored ATP. b.lactic acid fermentation. c.cellular respiration. d.glycolysis.

43. End Show Slide 43 of 37 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-2 Which statement correctly describes photosynthesis and cellular respiration? a.Photosynthesis releases energy, while cellular respiration stores energy. b.Photosynthesis and cellular respiration use the same raw materials. c.Cellular respiration releases energy, while photosynthesis stores energy. d.Cellular respiration and photosynthesis produce the same products.

44. End Show Slide 44 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 Fermentation releases energy from food molecules in the absence of a.oxygen. b.glucose. c.NADH. d.alcohol.

45. End Show Slide 45 of 39 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 9-1 The first step in fermentation is always a.lactic acid production. b.the Krebs cycle. c.glycolysis. d.alcohol production.